Przegląd Geograficzny (2023) tom 95, zeszyt 3
Articles
Seasonal Variations in Melatonin Secretory Rhythms in High-, Middle-, and Low-Latitude Regions
Przegląd Geograficzny (2023) tom 95, zeszyt 3, pp. 225-235 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.1
Abstract
This study aims to measure the daily melatonin secretory rhythms of people living in high-, mid-, and low-latitude regions characterised by different day lengths and global solar-radiation conditions. In Poland, a high-latitude region, the amount of melatonin secretion is greater, with secretion occurring earlier (exemplifying phase advance). On the other hand, in Vietnam, a low-latitude region, the level is lower and occurs later (phase delay). Japan, a mid-latitude region, shows behaviour intermediate between these two. Melatonin secretory rhythm in Vietnam is closely related to Day length and Global Solar Radiation, though no such relationship is observed in Poland or Japan, making it necessary for other factors to be considered. The results of this study have important implications considering the impacts of light pollution and lighting-related conditions of modern life.
Keywords: melatonin, chronobiology, circadian rhythm, seasonality, lighting conditions, latitude.
morita@fwu.ac.jp], Fukuoka Women’s University, Faculty of Human Environmental Science; Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine
[k.blaz@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Morita, T., & Błażejczyk, K. (2023). Seasonal Variations in Melatonin Secretory Rhythms in High-, Middle-, and Low-Latitude Regions. Przegląd Geograficzny, 95(3), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.1
MLA: Morita, Takeshi, and Błażejczyk, Krzysztof. "Seasonal Variations in Melatonin Secretory Rhythms in High-, Middle-, and Low-Latitude Regions". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, 2023, pp. 225-235. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.1
Chicago: Morita, Takeshi, and Błażejczyk, Krzysztof. "Seasonal Variations in Melatonin Secretory Rhythms in High-, Middle-, and Low-Latitude Regions". Przegląd Geograficzny 95, no. 3 (2023): 225-235. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.1
Harvard: Morita, T., & Błażejczyk, K. 2023. "Seasonal Variations in Melatonin Secretory Rhythms in High-, Middle-, and Low-Latitude Regions". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 225-235. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.1
The impact of urbanisation on local climate: a case study from Palmas, Brazil
Przegląd Geograficzny (2023) tom 95, zeszyt 3, pp. 237-254 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.2
Abstract
The relationship between growing rates of urbanisation and city warming has been evaluated in a very large number of urban climate studies. The work detailed here has focused on remote-sensing data, looking at changes in urbanisation over time in one of the newest cities in Brazil, i.e. Palmas in the northern region of the country, which serves as capital city of Tocantins. The youngest state in Brazil, Tocantins was only founded in 1988, with the construction of Palmas as capital commencing in 1989. Measured meteorological data were used to assess local climate changes in typical years, whereas urbanisation levels, generated for stepwise increments of 10 years, were obtained from the identification of vegetated and built-up classes in satellite imagery. Results suggest that changes in local climate were not always related to ongoing urbanisation in Palmas. Equally, despite promising changes in patterns of distribution of vegetation in given areas of Palmas over time – with an increase in high NDVI levels in 2021 that would potentially ameliorate local climate – thermal benefits did not prove to be detectable at the reference meteorological station.
Keywords: urban climate, urbanization, remote sensing, historical air temperature, Brazil
ekruger@utfpr.edu.br], Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
, Universidade Federal de Rondônia
, Instituto Federal de Rondônia (IFRO)
, Instituto Federal de Rondônia (IFRO)
Citation
APA: Krüger, E., Gobo, J., Tejas, G., & De Souza, R. (2023). The impact of urbanisation on local climate: a case study from Palmas, Brazil. Przegląd Geograficzny, 95(3), 237-254. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.2
MLA: Krüger, Eduardo, et al. "The impact of urbanisation on local climate: a case study from Palmas, Brazil". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, 2023, pp. 237-254. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.2
Chicago: Krüger, Eduardo, Gobo, João, Tejas, Graziela, and De Souza, Reginaldo. "The impact of urbanisation on local climate: a case study from Palmas, Brazil". Przegląd Geograficzny 95, no. 3 (2023): 237-254. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.2
Harvard: Krüger, E., Gobo, J., Tejas, G., & De Souza, R. 2023. "The impact of urbanisation on local climate: a case study from Palmas, Brazil". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 237-254. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.2
Human thermal stress during exceptionally warm summer months in Kraków (Poland)
Przegląd Geograficzny (2023) tom 95, zeszyt 3, pp. 255-269 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.3
Abstract
This study aims to characterise heat‑loading upon human organisms during the three hottest summer months recorded in Krakow at the beginning of the 21st century, i.e. July 2006, August 2015 and June 2019. This goal was capable of being reduced to questions as to how far the heat‑loads in question deviated from average conditions and what the impacts of air circulation on that might have been. In the event, the work detailed here is able to demonstrate that the months in question were of a thermally anomalous category whereby the temperature exceeded the long‑term average in a significant manner (by at least 2 standard deviations, SD). The basis for these findings lays in UTCI values calculated by taking account of four meteorological elements recorded at three times of the day (6:00, 12:00 and 18:00 UTC). The overall analysis was referenced against the latest 30‑year period (1991‑2020), and relied on the calendar of circulation types and air masses for southern Poland after T. Niedźwiedź.
The summer months selected for analysis proved to be, not merely extremely hot, but also anomalously dry. The drought accompanying the heatwaves exerted a negative impact on the economy, in particular agriculture and people; and a situation in which such major thermal and rainfall anomalies arise represents one of the greatest natural hazards facing Poland.
July 2006 and June 2019 were the hottest months since the beginning of meteorological measurements in Krakow, i.e. since 1792. This is evidenced by the size of the air temperature anomaly, which exceeded the average by as many as 3 standard deviations (SD) (though across about two‑thirds of Poland, the anomaly of June 2019 even went beyond 4 SD). The size of the August 2015 anomaly was slightly below 3 SD. The unusual intensity of the heat was reflected, not only in the high frequency of occurrence of hot days (tmax >30oC), but also and above all in the appearance of very hot days (tmax >35oC), and tropical nights (tmin >20oC) – both rare phenomena for June.
A consequence of this kind of warming is a clear change in bioclimate, which is determined to the greatest extent by air temperature. In the summer months in Poland at the beginning of the 21st century, this change entailed increased numbers of days on which there is strong or very strong heat stress (by 12:00 UTC). This idea gained clear confirmation in the exceptionally warm months this paper considers. Thus, in July 2006, almost 60% of all days were in the above category, along with 51% and 40% in August 2015 and June 2019 respectively. This can be further taken to indicate that there were 3‑4 times as many such days as there were on average in the given months across the whole 30‑yearperiod of 1991‑2020. In general, days with heat stress (at 12:00 UTC) were record high: from 70% in August 2015 to 84% in June 2019. Furthermore, on only a few days in these exceptionally warm months were no all‑day heat loads for the human body recorded, those numbers ranging between a mere 5 in the case of July 2006, and 10 in August 2015.
An outcome of the study was to show how the greatest intensity of heat load characterised the first half of August 2015, when all‑day heat stress prevailed on most days, reaching strong stress levels coinciding with times of peak human activity, and including instances of severely strong stress conditions on three days of the period. Similar heat‑load conditions arose in July 2006, albeit in the circumstances of two separate spells: 5‑13 July and 18‑23 July. In turn, in June 2019, the heat stress load began to grow at the beginning of that month, culminating in two peaks – at the beginning of the month’s last10‑day period, and again between on 25th‑27th.
When average temperatures and UTCI are looked at together, conditions experienced during the three exceptionally warm months under study are seen to be similar. Of course, the specifics from day to day proved to differ slightly, and from the point of view of direct impact on the human organism the greatest heat stress to the human body would have been experienced in June 2019, given the status as the first summer month, in which the human body has not yet adapted to long‑term circumstances of extremely high air temperatures.
Causes for the occurrence of unusually warm months should not be sought solely in the overall warming of the Earth’s climate, given likely mediation of effects via variability or change in atmospheric circulation. The intensity of heat can be influenced by the nature of the said circulation, by the direction of advection, and by the types of air mass involved. In fact, all the spells of days characterised by the strongest heat stress in the course of the three unusually warm months identified here were found to coincide with anticyclonic circulation from the southern sector (Sa and SWa), acting as a source of input into Poland of hot tropical masses of air.
Keywords: UTCI, heat stress, exceptionally warm month, atmospheric circulation, air masses, Kraków, Poland
r.twardosz@uj.edu.pl], Faculty of Geography and Geology Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa str. 7, 30-387 Kraków: Poland
[Citation
APA: Twardosz, R. (2023). Obciążenia cieplne człowieka podczas niezwykle ciepłych miesięcy letnich w Krakowie. Przegląd Geograficzny, 95(3), 255-269. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.3
MLA: Twardosz, Robert. "Obciążenia cieplne człowieka podczas niezwykle ciepłych miesięcy letnich w Krakowie". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, 2023, pp. 255-269. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.3
Chicago: Twardosz, Robert. "Obciążenia cieplne człowieka podczas niezwykle ciepłych miesięcy letnich w Krakowie". Przegląd Geograficzny 95, no. 3 (2023): 255-269. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.3
Harvard: Twardosz, R. 2023. "Obciążenia cieplne człowieka podczas niezwykle ciepłych miesięcy letnich w Krakowie". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 255-269. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.3
Uncertainty of mean radiant-temperature measurements using globe thermometers
Przegląd Geograficzny (2023) tom 95, zeszyt 3, pp. 271-290 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.4
Abstract
W analizie bilansu cieplnego człowieka największym problemem jest określenie ilości promieniowania pochłoniętego przez człowieka. Dlatego też w badaniach komfortu cieplnego stosuje się uproszczenia i jako miarę termicznego wymiaru pola promieniowania wokół człowieka stosuje się koncepcję średniej temperatury promieniowania – Mrt (Mean radiant temperature), która traktuje łącznie wszystkie strumienie promieniowania długo- i krótkofalowego, na które eksponowane jest ludzkie ciało. Na terenach zurbanizowanych do określenia wartości Mrt sugeruje się prowadzenie bezpośrednich pomiarów tego parametru. Najczęściej wykorzystuje się do tego termometr kulisty – z uwagi na prostotę jego konstrukcji, niski koszt oraz łatwość użytkowania. Celem pracy jest zweryfikowanie przydatności termometrów kulistych do pomiarów Mrt, określenie zależności ich wskazań od wartości parametrów meteorologicznych oraz ustalenie wpływ sposobu oszacowania Mrt na wartości wskaźnika UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index). Do wyznaczenia Mrt użyto trzech termometrów kulistych: jeden standardowy 15-centymetrowy (SGT) oraz dwa 4-centymetrowe akrylowe (AGT) własnej konstrukcji. Badania wykonano na terenach otwartych oraz w cieniu drzew. Typ zastosowanego instrumentu pomiarowego istotnie wpływa na wielkość Mrt w warunkach silnego usłonecznienia – najwyższe wartości Mrt uzyskano za pomocą SGT, a najniższe przy pomocy szarego AGT. W cieniu wszystkie typy przyrządów wskazywały zbliżone do siebie wartości. Błąd oszacowania UTCI w efekcie niepewności wyznaczonych wartości Mrt za pomocą różnych termometrów kulistych, odpowiada jednej kategorii stresu termicznego w warunkach radiacyjnych, natomiast w cieniu jest zaniedbywalny.
Keywords: termometr kulisty, średnia temperatura promieniowania, UTCI
klindner@twarda.pan.pl], Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. S. Leszczyckiego PAN
[j.bar@twarda.pan.pl], Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. S. Leszczyckiego PAN
Citation
APA: Lindner-Cendrowska, K., & Baranowski, J. (2023). Niepewność pomiarów średniej temperatury promieniowania za pomocą termometrów kulistych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 95(3), 271-290. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.4
MLA: Lindner-Cendrowska, Katarzyna, and Baranowski, Jarosław. "Niepewność pomiarów średniej temperatury promieniowania za pomocą termometrów kulistych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, 2023, pp. 271-290. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.4
Chicago: Lindner-Cendrowska, Katarzyna, and Baranowski, Jarosław. "Niepewność pomiarów średniej temperatury promieniowania za pomocą termometrów kulistych". Przegląd Geograficzny 95, no. 3 (2023): 271-290. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.4
Harvard: Lindner-Cendrowska, K., & Baranowski, J. 2023. "Niepewność pomiarów średniej temperatury promieniowania za pomocą termometrów kulistych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 271-290. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.4
Przegląd Geograficzny (2023) tom 95, zeszyt 3, pp. 291-311 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.5
Abstract
The availability of light is one of the most important factors determining the way in which photosynthesis proceeds. Wave bands of solar radiation in the range 400‑700 nm are called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), given their ability to stimulate the process of photosynthesis. Given that relevant data remain of only limited availability, and that PAR shows relationships at regional and local levels, there is a continued need for independent research in this sphere, not least in relation to areas considered to be of high natural value.
The main goal of the work detailed here has thus been to characterise the photosynthetically active radiation incoming in the Middle Biebrza Basin of NE Poland, on the basis of a 9‑year (2013‑2021) measurement series obtained at the Kopytkowo site (53°35’30.8” N, 22°53’32.4” E). Analysis was carried out for both the instantaneous values obtained, and their 24‑hour totals. In addition to the basic statistical characteristics, attention was also paid to radiation on cloudless days, as well as to the relationship between PAR values noted at the Earth’s surface and at the top of the atmosphere. Given that empirical data of the above kind are bound to remain limited, proposals have been made as regards simple parameterisations of PAR radiation suitable for use in environmental studies.
The research was carried out in NE Poland, on the edge of Biebrza National Park, in what is known as the Middle Basin of the River Biebrza (Fig. 1). The area can be characterised as having natural, almost unchanged and uninhabited wetlands overgrown by swamp vegetation. The measurement site is located around 350 m north of the small village of Kopytkowo, which itself has only a handful of permanent residents.
Date were collected using a PQS1 PAR Quantum Sensor from the firm Kipp & Zonen, as mounted at a height 2.7 m a.g.l. (Fig. 2). The sensor is part of an eddy‑covariance system measuring the exchange of greenhouse gases between the ecosystem and the atmosphere. Data were sampled every 10 seconds and then stored in a (CR500) datalogger as 5‑minute averages. The results are shown as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the units beings micromoles per square metre per second (μmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹). Collection was noted in relation to Central European Time (CET).
Long‑term measurements of photosynthetically active radiation in the Middle Biebrza Basin reveal a clear annual cycle. The highest values occur in June, when PAR reaches the level of approximately 2000 μmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹. However, in the summer it is possible for the so‑called mirror effect to operate, ensuring that instantaneous PAR values may sometimes be higher than those recorded in the circumstances of a cloudless sky. It is in the winter season that PAR values are lowest, even on sunny days, reaching only about 400 μmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹ (Fig. 3).
The ratio of the measured PAR to its value at the top of the atmosphere (the PAR clearness index, kTPAR) in conditions of a cloudless sky takes the form of a hyperbolic function of the Sun’s height, hS (eq. 3) changing form 82‑83% for high Sun (h S = 60°) to 65‑75% for hS = 30° and dropping below 55% for hS = 10° (Fig. 4).
The average photosynthetic photon flux density along the Middle Biebrza Basin at particular hours is determined by day‑length during the year (Fig. 5). The mean values represent the influence of Sun height and atmospheric transparency. Results with the highest values were recorded in the hours 11:00‑12:00. During the summer solstice in June, PPFD values reach 1440 μmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹, while in December they may be as low as some 180 μmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹. In May and July, a slight decrease in PAR values is to be observed in the afternoon hours, most likely due to the development of convective cloud cover, but this effect is generally weak. The same months also recorded the highest and lowest mean 24‑hour totals: June – 64.8 mol∙m⁻²∙day⁻¹, December – 0.6 mol∙m⁻²∙day⁻¹ (Table 2). Similarly, the highest mean values for 24‑hour PAR totals, above 50 mol∙m⁻²∙day⁻¹, are observed in the first part of June, even as the lowest – of below 5 mol∙m⁻²∙day⁻¹ – characterise December (Fig. 6).
Due to the limited availability of PAR data, we proposed three simple ways in which it might be parametrised. Where total solar radiation, Kd, data are available, PPFD can be expressed (Eq. 4‑7) as a function of Kd, and the easy‑to‑calculate Sun height, hS, and/or clearness index, kT = Kd/K0 , where K0 is solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (Eq. 1). Although Eq. 7 gives the best results in the light of statistical measures, in many simple applications it may suffice to use Equation 4, or even directly the PAR/Kd ratio, which in our case is 0.44 when PAR is expressed in W∙m⁻², and 2.0 for PPFD.
When data on total solar radiation are not available, it is relatively easy to estimate the PPFD on clear days (Eq. 8, Table 3). This can be developed further through the application of a factor dependent on the diurnal air‑temperature amplitude, ΔT (Eq. 9‑10). Although in the case of individual days the results of such parametrisation are subject to quite a high level of uncertainty (Fig. 9), they allow for the value of PAR radiation to be estimated on a monthly or multi‑day scale. They can therefore prove useful as changes in photobiological conditions over a longer period are analysed (Fig. 10).
Keywords: photosynthetically active radiation, PAR parametrisation, Biebrza National Park, Middle Biebrza Basin
krzysztof.fortuniak@geo.uni.lodz.pl], Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Klimatologii i Hydrologii
[jan.gorowski@edu.uni.lodz.pl], Uniwersytet Łódzki, Szkoła Doktorska Nauk Ścisłych i Przyrodniczych
[mariusz.siedlecki@geo.uni.lodz.pl], Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Klimatologii i Hydrologii
[wlodzimierz.pawlak@geo.uni.lodz.pl], Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Klimatologii i Hydrologii
Citation
APA: Fortuniak, K., Górowski, J., Siedlecki, M., & Pawlak, W. (2023). Cechy charakterystyczne i parametryzacje dochodzącego promieniowania fotosyntetycznie czynnego w środkowym basenie Biebrzy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 95(3), 291-311. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.5
MLA: Fortuniak, Krzysztof, et al. "Cechy charakterystyczne i parametryzacje dochodzącego promieniowania fotosyntetycznie czynnego w środkowym basenie Biebrzy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, 2023, pp. 291-311. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.5
Chicago: Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Górowski, Jan, Siedlecki, Mariusz, and Pawlak, Włodzimierz. "Cechy charakterystyczne i parametryzacje dochodzącego promieniowania fotosyntetycznie czynnego w środkowym basenie Biebrzy". Przegląd Geograficzny 95, no. 3 (2023): 291-311. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.5
Harvard: Fortuniak, K., Górowski, J., Siedlecki, M., & Pawlak, W. 2023. "Cechy charakterystyczne i parametryzacje dochodzącego promieniowania fotosyntetycznie czynnego w środkowym basenie Biebrzy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 291-311. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.5
A general thermal characterisation of the Vistula Valley in Warsaw
Przegląd Geograficzny (2023) tom 95, zeszyt 3, pp. 313-334 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.6
Abstract
Rzeki przepływające przez miasta i ich doliny pełnią wiele funkcji przyrodniczych, w tym szczególną rolę w melioracji klimatu miasta. Dolina Wisły w Warszawie jest głównym i najbardziej efektywnym obszarem przewietrzania i regeneracji powietrza w mieście, pomimo tego niewiele wiadomo o warunkach termicznych w niej panujących. W celu ich poznania od 2016 r. rozpoczęto ich monitoring w 3 punktach: na południu i w części śródmiejskiej na lewym brzegu oraz na północy na prawym brzegu rzeki. W artykule przeanalizowano 10-minutowe dane z 6 lat (2017-2022) z punktów w dolinie, które porównano z warunkami na stacji w ścisłym centrum miasta i na jego obrzeżach. Przedstawiono wstępną charakterystykę termiczną doliny: wartości średnie, dni termicznie charakterystyczne, częstość różnic temperatury minimalnej oraz wartości 10-minutowych między centrum miasta (Hoża) a pozostałymi stacjami w przedziałach wartości, przykładowe przebiegi temperatury latem i zimą. Omówiono zjawisko „cold spotów”, którego częstość w najbliższym sąsiedztwie Wisły miejscami przewyższała 88% analizowanych obrazów termalnych. Wykazano różnice reżimu termicznego w dolinie, zależne od lokalizacji i najbliższego sąsiedztwa punktu. Wraz z rosnącą gęstością zabudowy i spadkiem udziału terenów biologicznie czynnych maleje średnia amplituda dobowa temperatury powietrza. Północna i południowa część doliny na odcinku warszawskim cechują się podobnymi warunkami termicznymi, zaś część śródmiejska wyraźnie od nich odbiega. Jest znacznie cieplejsza, ale równocześnie notuje się tu znacznie częściej zjawisko „cold spotu”.
Keywords: rzeka Wisła, monitoring temperatury, reżim termiczny, kontrasty termiczne, „cold spot”
mkuchcik@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
[czarnecka@twarda.pan.pl]
Citation
APA: Kuchcik, M., & Czarnecka, K. (2023). Ogólna charakterystyka termiczna doliny Wisły w obszarze Warszawy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 95(3), 313-334. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.6
MLA: Kuchcik, Magdalena, and Czarnecka, Kaja. "Ogólna charakterystyka termiczna doliny Wisły w obszarze Warszawy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, 2023, pp. 313-334. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.6
Chicago: Kuchcik, Magdalena, and Czarnecka, Kaja. "Ogólna charakterystyka termiczna doliny Wisły w obszarze Warszawy". Przegląd Geograficzny 95, no. 3 (2023): 313-334. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.6
Harvard: Kuchcik, M., & Czarnecka, K. 2023. "Ogólna charakterystyka termiczna doliny Wisły w obszarze Warszawy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 313-334. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2023.3.6