Paweł Sudra
Articles
Przegląd Geograficzny (2019) tom 91, zeszyt 2, pp. 61-80 | 
Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.2.4
Abstract Contemporary settlement systems observed in Poland bear numerous traces of historical transformations of rural settlements which took place in the 19th century, at the time of foreign partitioning of Polish territory, in different ways in particular regions. The result of processes occurring from the second half of the 20th century is the extensive development of urban areas, and – after 1990 – chaotic, spontaneous processes of transformation in suburban zones. Research methods using graph theory have been applied for years in investigating settlement networks on various scales. One of the more useful graphs is the minimum spanning tree (MST), which connects all vertices in such a way that the sum of the distances between them is the shortest. This article presents the application of the minimum spanning tree (or shortest dendrite) method with a view to its suitability for determining the degree of dispersion and spatial cohesion of urbanised structures being assessed. Two indicators have been proposed thanks o alignment of the shortest dendrite length to other variables. The settlement network effectiveness indicator is the ratio of MST length to the population in an area. The settlement network cohesion indicator is in turn the ratio of the MST length to population density. Mazowieckie voivodeship has been chosen as the research area, while address points obtained from the central official database collecting data from municipal records have been chosen as the source dataset. Over 1 million address points were considered, in line with their status as at the end of 2016. Minimum spanning trees were plotted for each of the 314 gminas (local-authority areas) aking up the voivodeship, using ArcGIS software. Subsequently, the proposed indicators were calculated by reference to the MSTs. The results were then mapped. The proposed indicators may be helpful in studies on the origin of settlements, allowing areas with varying degrees of uniformity or isolation of building locations to be indicated. They can be made use of in comparative studies, especially concerning rural settlements, in which single-family housing predominates, and hamlets and uildings standing in isolation are present. The effectiveness indicator can be used in the assessment of infrastructural coverage, i.a. in the ontext of the costs of spatial chaos and demographic capacity.
Keywords: minimalne drzewo rozpinające, najkrótszy dendryt, spójność i efektywność sieci osadniczej, rozproszenie zabudowy, chaos przestrzenny, województwo mazowieckie
[psleszyn@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Śleszyński, P., & Sudra, P. (2019). Zastosowanie metody minimalnego drzewa rozpinającego (najkrótszego dendrytu) w ocenie efektywności i spójności sieci osadniczej województwa mazowieckiego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(2), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.2.4
MLA: Śleszyński, Przemysław, and Sudra, Paweł. "Zastosowanie metody minimalnego drzewa rozpinającego (najkrótszego dendrytu) w ocenie efektywności i spójności sieci osadniczej województwa mazowieckiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 2, 2019, pp. 61-80. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.2.4
Chicago: Śleszyński, Przemysław, and Sudra, Paweł. "Zastosowanie metody minimalnego drzewa rozpinającego (najkrótszego dendrytu) w ocenie efektywności i spójności sieci osadniczej województwa mazowieckiego". Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 2 (2019): 61-80. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.2.4
Harvard: Śleszyński, P., & Sudra, P. 2019. "Zastosowanie metody minimalnego drzewa rozpinającego (najkrótszego dendrytu) w ocenie efektywności i spójności sieci osadniczej województwa mazowieckiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 61-80. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.2.4
Evolution of the criteria for delimiting metropolitan settlement systems in Poland
Przegląd Geograficzny (2018) tom 90, zeszyt 2, pp. 181-208 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.2.1
Keywords: delimitacja, aglomeracje miejskie, obszar metropolitalny, kryteria delimitacji, polskie metropolie
Citation
APA: Sudra, P. (2018). Ewolucja kryteriów delimitacji wielkomiejskich układów osadniczych w Polsce. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(2), 181-208. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.2.1
MLA: Sudra, Paweł. "Ewolucja kryteriów delimitacji wielkomiejskich układów osadniczych w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 2, 2018, pp. 181-208. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.2.1
Chicago: Sudra, Paweł. "Ewolucja kryteriów delimitacji wielkomiejskich układów osadniczych w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 2 (2018): 181-208. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.2.1
Harvard: Sudra, P. 2018. "Ewolucja kryteriów delimitacji wielkomiejskich układów osadniczych w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 181-208. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.2.1
Application of spatial concentration indicators in the studies of urban sprawl processes
Przegląd Geograficzny (2016) tom 88, zeszyt 2, pp. 247-272 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.6
Abstract This article reviews selected indicative methods allowing for analysis of the concentration and dispersion of settlement. A further aim is to evaluate the utility of these measures in studying the spontaneous process of suburbanisation known as “urban sprawl”. Following the model of the “dispersed city”, as opposed to the “compact city”, it is assumed that urban sprawl is associated with scattering of development. It is therefore reasonable to assume that spatial concentration indicators will allow for the at least partial description of its physiognomy. Urban sprawl is described as a multi-dimensional spatial phenomenon related to metropolitan deconcentration. Three fundamental spatial forms are observed: lowdensity sprawl, ribbon sprawl and leapfrog sprawl. Thereafter, issues are described in relation to the nature of the spatial dispersion and diffusion, the influence of centripetal and centrifugal forces, and the occurrence of the modified areal unit problem (MAUP), in the analysis of urbanisation. The four different measures chosen for actual review were the Gini coefficient, the C index of B. Kostrubiec, the average nearest neighbour method (Clark-Evans index) and Shannon entropy. Each of the indicators is analysed, with account taken of its theoretical and mathematical underpinnings, the adopted understanding of the spatial concentration concept, the impact of the delimitation of basic units on the results of spatial analyses, and available methods by which results may be presented. The Gini coefficient, based on the Lorenz curve, and initially used in econometrics, determines the cumulated concentration of features within a smaller or larger number of spatial units. It measures the unevenness of spatial distribution, but does not consider the mutual location of the basic units. A further limitation of this indicator in studying urban sprawl is that it takes no account of the precise locations of the objects. The spatial concentration index C, as proposed by B. Kostrubiec, is a measure of the concentration or dispersion of a set of elements – on a scale between concentration at one point and a spread across the maximum distance (range) it is possible to achieve within the boundaries of a certain area. The indicator is rarely used, but is of clear applicability, given the way it allows additional statistical parameters based on marginal distributions to be calculated. The average nearest neighbour method (Clark-Evans index), as derived from ecology, is widely known and applied in urbanisation studies. It allows for observation of the attractive forces associated with the locating of buildings and other new developments. This indicator resembles the previous one in combining recognition of the level of dispersion and the randomness of a set of features. Shannon entropy is a probabilistic measure of “disorder” and – in geography – a measure of segregation, the spatial organisation of an area, or, most simply, the proportion of the share of a phenomenon in territorial units. Entropy defines fragmentation or the filling of terrain with settlement. It is often used in researching land use and land cover change. This article concludes with a table describing the main features of the four indicators. Methods of multidimensional analysis of urban sprawl are also highlighted. These are important because the morphology of sprawl cannot be defined solely by reference to the degree of spatial concentration, which is understood and defined in various ways. Other important spatial dimensions include density, continuity, clustering, centralisation or the mixed use of land. In the author’s view, the most comprehensive assessment of the phenomenon of sprawl will be made possible if several methods are selected, and parallel analyses carried out using them. In these circumstances, complementary information will be obtained as regards the concentration and dispersion of development in an area.
Keywords: wskaźniki koncentracji, koncentracja przestrzenna, rozpraszanie zabudowy, urban sprawl, suburbanizacja
Citation
APA: Sudra, P. (2016). Zastosowanie wskaźników koncentracji przestrzennej w badaniu procesów urban sprawl*. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(2), 247-272. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.6
MLA: Sudra, Paweł. "Zastosowanie wskaźników koncentracji przestrzennej w badaniu procesów urban sprawl*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 2, 2016, pp. 247-272. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.6
Chicago: Sudra, Paweł. "Zastosowanie wskaźników koncentracji przestrzennej w badaniu procesów urban sprawl*". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 2 (2016): 247-272. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.6
Harvard: Sudra, P. 2016. "Zastosowanie wskaźników koncentracji przestrzennej w badaniu procesów urban sprawl*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 247-272. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.6