Rafał Kozłowski
Articles
Przegląd Geograficzny (2017) tom 89, zeszyt 1, pp. 133-153 | 
Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
Abstract Atmospheric deposition is regarded as an element determining the circulation of matter in forest ecosystems. As a result of contact with the surfaces of plants, rainwater is subject to transformations whose magnitudes depend on both species composition (above all coniferous v broadleaved) and levels of air pollution. Such pollution acts directly to modify atmospheric precipitation, while also operating indirectly at the surface of trees, by way of the deposition of substances. As a result of the washing of elements depositing on the surface, rainwater changes its physical and chemical properties, as well as its chemical composition. The aim of the work described here was thus to analyse the conditions underpinning transformations of atmospheric precipitations in selected forest ecosystems of Poland’s Świętokrzyskie Mountains, on the basis of studies conducted there in the years 2011-2015. Field research was conducted in research areas located in the central and south-western parts of the above Mountains, and was concerned with rainwater in vertical section: bulk precipitation – through fall – stem flow. The data collected were processed statistically using Statistica 10.0 software. The results of measurements made in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains reflect overlapping continental, regional and local emissions, as well as changes taking place as regards emissions of primary pollutants and their products transformed photochemically and chemically under particular meteorological conditions in the course of transport with masses of air over shorter or longer distances. Emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources were found to act on component elements of ecosystems directly from atmospheric air and indirectly through products of their transformation in the form of direct deposition and deposition via crowns. Forest ecosystems have numerous spatially determined paths and areas of flow of substances originating from tree-crown deposition. Along these paths, the delivery of substances from emissions in wet, moist and especially dry deposition is significant ecologically, as are paths for their offtake in throughfall and stem fall. Immissions flowing through the hylosphere have featured changed actively, while at the same time being subject to movement and various biogenic transformations due to the washing out of crowns and washing, as well as crown intake. Quantitative and qualitative features of crown deposition determine the quality and intensity of processes of transformation of rainwater in the areas of the forest stand and during the flow through a layer of plants of the forest floor and to the surface of the soil.
Keywords: opady atmosferyczne, opady podkoronowe, spływ po pniach, jodła, sosna, buk
Citation
APA: Kozłowski, R., & Jóźwiak, M. (2017). Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
MLA: Kozłowski, Rafał, and Jóźwiak, Marek. "Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
Chicago: Kozłowski, Rafał, and Jóźwiak, Marek. "Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
Harvard: Kozłowski, R., & Jóźwiak, M. 2017. "Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
Impact of a dam reservoir on the chemistry of a Himalayan river (the Teesta, India)
Przegląd Geograficzny (2017) tom 89, zeszyt 1, pp. 165-181 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9
Abstract In the light of a growing demand for energy, the government of India has decided to tap into the potential of rivers by building numerous hydroelectric plants, with a view to doubling the amount of energy produced by water. One of the regions in which such plants are being built is the basin of the River Teesta (as a right-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra). The main aim of this article has been to present chemical-composition characteristics and physico-chemical parameters of water in the Teesta in its Himalayan course, with account being taken of the role the newly-built reservoir plays in shaping the chemistry of water in the river. Fieldwork entailed measurement of physico-chemical parameters of the water, as well as sampling for the purposes of chemical analysis. This was done in the post-monsoon period in the years 2013-2015. Sampling and measuring points were located along the Teesta in the Darjeeling Himalaya, over a length of approximately 43 km, between the borders of Sikkim and West Bengal and the southern margin of the Himalayas. Above the newly-built reservoir, measurements were made at points P1 and P2; while within it, measurements were made and samplings taken in the centre (at P3 by the shore). The two points located below the dam were P4 and P5. The results of the analysis of main physico-chemical properties and chemical compositio data for the water in the Teesta allowed conclusions as detailed in the following points to be drawn. The decrease in water temperature caused by the reservoir is slight, at approximately 1.0°C, with the indication being that very weak thermal stratification has developed, due to the rapid exchange of water in the reservoir. As for Total Dissolved Solids, marked stability of values across a narrow range is to be observed. The values for ANC in turn indicate that there is no risk of acidification at any point along the section examined. The newly-built reservoir is responsible for a decrease in concentrations of most of the main ions (i.e. Cl– , K+, Na+, Mg2, NO3 and PO4 3–). The reverse trend was only to be observed in respect of Ca2+, SO4 2– and NH4 +. The dam does not influence F– concentrations. The reservoir causes minor enrichment of water in ions of most metals like Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, C and Sr. The more limited enrichment of water in the Teesta below the dam indicates self-purification processes taken place in the Teesta Reservoir where metals are concerned. The changes in physico-chemical properties and concentrations of ions caused by the reservoir are usually normalised by environmental factors before the Teesta exits the Himalayas (i.e. within 15 km of the reservoir). The results of the study are relevant, in light of the construction of several further reservoirs in the Teesta catchment in the near future, which can lead to significant transformations of the natural environment, including hydrochemical changes that determine water quality.
Keywords: chemizm wód, jakość wody, zbiornik zaporowy, rzeka Tista, Himalaje
[wieja@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland
[pawel@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland
Citation
APA: Wiejaczka, ., Prokop, P., Kozłowski, R., & Sarkar, S. (2017). Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie). Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9
MLA: Wiejaczka, Łukasz, et al. "Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9
Chicago: Wiejaczka, Łukasz, Prokop, Paweł, Kozłowski, Rafał, and Sarkar, Subir. "Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie)". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9
Harvard: Wiejaczka, ., Prokop, P., Kozłowski, R., & Sarkar, S. 2017. "Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9