Przegląd Geograficzny (2016) tom 88, zeszyt 1

Abstract

The article reports the results of fieldwork carried out on the peak of Babia Gora to verify a hypothesis regarding the existence of permafrost at this location. The climate and geomorphological evolution of this area suggest that both past and current frost processes play an important role here. Furthermore, not far from this massif – in the Tatra Mts – permafrost was detected at an altitude of ca. 2000 m a.s.l., in an area where mean annual air temperature (MAAT) drops to minus 0.8°C. The MAAT at the summit of Babia Gora is likewise below 0°C. Given that long-term freezing of the massif in the glacial period reached down to considerable depths, the climatic evolution of the massif indicates that permafrost could have lasted through to the present time. In the study area three resistivity profiles were made using the resistivity imaging method. Two of these were 300 m long and one 400 m. The depth of interpretation extends to approx. 90 m below the ground surface in the last case. While the results of the geophysical surveys do not confirm the presence of permafrost in the study area unambiguously, its presence may not be precluded in certain places in the shallow subsurface layer. The permafrost originating in older geological periods and located at greater depth was probably exposed to relatively rapid degradation, given the geological structure of Babia Góra allowing for deep water drainage. Resistivity models shows the geological structure of the research area close to the summit of Babia Góra, but do not resolve the issue of the existence of modern or fossil permafrost. The temperature of the water in springs located close to the summit is almost constant, though, and does not exceed 1°C. This shows that water circulation is a relatively deep one, and the temperature within the massif cannot therefore be higher than this. The existence of permafrost is not therefore precluded, and this might be possible in the form of the cryotic state. The measurements made present only the first approach to the hypothesis regarding the possible existence of permafrost on Babia Góra, and further research applying other, complementary methods may still change views on this subject.

Keywords: permafrost, Babia Góra, inwersyjne obrazowanie oporności

Citation

APA: Dobiński, W., Glazer, M., Bieta, B., & Mendecki, M. (2016). Poszukiwanie wieloletniej zmarzliny i budowa geologiczna Babiej Góry w świetle wyników obrazowania elektrooporowego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(1), 31-51. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.2
MLA: Dobiński, Wojciech, et al. "Poszukiwanie wieloletniej zmarzliny i budowa geologiczna Babiej Góry w świetle wyników obrazowania elektrooporowego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, 2016, pp. 31-51. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.2
Chicago: Dobiński, Wojciech, Glazer, Michał, Bieta, Barbara, and Mendecki, Maciej J.. "Poszukiwanie wieloletniej zmarzliny i budowa geologiczna Babiej Góry w świetle wyników obrazowania elektrooporowego". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 1 (2016): 31-51. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.2
Harvard: Dobiński, W., Glazer, M., Bieta, B., & Mendecki, M. 2016. "Poszukiwanie wieloletniej zmarzliny i budowa geologiczna Babiej Góry w świetle wyników obrazowania elektrooporowego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 31-51. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.2

Abstract The work described here has concerned the assessment and analysis of summation curves and variability to half-outflow terms (TPOj ), as calculated for 14 river basins in central Poland. Given the regimes of particular rivers, their characteristic flows and geographical determinants of their outflows, the selected group of river basins proves very suitable for an investigation regarding the type and amount of hydrological information provided with analyzed characteristics. Specifically, the research was concerned with series of daily discharges from the second half of the 20th century. Relative mass diagram curves for daily mean outflows were generated for the particular basins, as was a regional summation curve. A relationship between the shapes and numbers of inflection points and river regime was identified, while it proved possible to represent the curve for the outflow in Central Poland using a degree-4 polynomial. This curve has one significant inflection point near the 170th day of the year (20 April), and the second, less visible in the 280th day of the year (6 August). The rivers studied can thus be assumed to have a nival regime, though transforming locally into a notfully-formed nivo-pluvial regime (in the case of upland rivers). In the middle of the hydrological year (near 1st May), about 60% of water resources are discharged from the Central Poland Basin, though there are some significant differences between basins. For the upland basins and the area of the Łódź Elevation region it is less than 60%, while for the Wielkopolska Lowland basins – much more than 60%. The half-outflow terms for particular basins and individual years were calculated using the method suggested in the work of A. Bartnik and P. Jokiel (2005). The TPOj distribution, mean values, multiannual variability and the spatial dimension were all investigated, and extreme values analyzed using quantiles. Both the spatial dimension to the TPOj and its multiannual variability show certain regularities. The multiannual means for the TPOśr in Central Poland are rather differentiated and are of lengths over one month. The earliest term (12th March) was recorded for the River Ołobok and the latest (17th April) for the Pilica. Some kind of TPOśr spatial dimension order is also to be observed, and is attributable to the fact that rivers draining the lowlands (and thus in the western and north-eastern parts of the area) have their TPOśr earlier than those flowing in the uplands of the eastern and south-eastern parts. Overall, the second half of the 20th century can be said to have displayed a seasonality to river outflow characterized by weather-influenced fluctuations, with no more constant multiannual trend identified. In the light of the results of the analyses carried out, the half-outflow term can serve as a simple measure by which climatic or anthropogenic changes in the seasonal structure of outflow can be indicated.

Keywords: odpływ rzeczny, krzywa sumowa, termin połowy odpływu, środkowa Polska

Citation

APA: Jokiel, P. (2016). Sezonowa struktura odpływu rzecznego w środkowej Polsce i jej zmiany w wieloleciu w świetle krzywych sumowych i terminów połowy odpływu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.3
MLA: Jokiel, Paweł. "Sezonowa struktura odpływu rzecznego w środkowej Polsce i jej zmiany w wieloleciu w świetle krzywych sumowych i terminów połowy odpływu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, 2016, pp. 53-74. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.3
Chicago: Jokiel, Paweł. "Sezonowa struktura odpływu rzecznego w środkowej Polsce i jej zmiany w wieloleciu w świetle krzywych sumowych i terminów połowy odpływu". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 1 (2016): 53-74. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.3
Harvard: Jokiel, P. 2016. "Sezonowa struktura odpływu rzecznego w środkowej Polsce i jej zmiany w wieloleciu w świetle krzywych sumowych i terminów połowy odpływu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 53-74. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.3

Abstract

The work detailed in this article aimed to determining the multi-annual and spatial variability characterising start and end dates of growing seasons in Poland, as well as their durations. The study used data concerning monthly air temperature from the period 1971-2010, which were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB). A growing season was defined as a period of mean daily air temperature 5°C. To determine the start and end dates of the above-mentioned period, use was made of the mathematical formulae proposed by R. Gumiński (1948). Over the analysed multiannual period, first days of growing seasons were seen to occur ever earlier, while last days have been occurring later and later. The most marked changes of start date were found to characterise Łeba (4.7 days/10 years) and Suwałki (4 days/10 years). However, at 5 of the 15 stations, the changes noted achieved statistical signifi cance. The most considerable postponements of the end of the growing season were in turn those found for Łeba (3.8 days/10 years) and Rzeszów (3.6 days/10 years). At as many as 8 of the 15 stations, the prolongations proved to be significant statistically. Average durations of growing seasons varied across the range from 200 days in Suwałki to 237 days in Wrocław. However, at most (11 out of 15) of the stations, there was a statistically significant increase in the duration of the growing season (of from 3.9 to 8.5 days). However, the change was seen to be more due to prolongation at the end of the growing season than to a changed start date.

Keywords: początek okresu wegetacyjnego, koniec okresu wegetacyjnego, długość okresu wegetacyjnego, metoda Gumińskiego, Polska

Arkadiusz Marek Tomczyk, Adam Mickiewicz University Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań: Poland

Citation

APA: Tomczyk, A., & Szyga-Pluta, K. (2016). Okres wegetacyjny w Polsce w latach 1971-2010. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.4
MLA: Tomczyk, Arkadiusz Marek, and Szyga-Pluta, Katarzyna. "Okres wegetacyjny w Polsce w latach 1971-2010". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, 2016, pp. 75-86. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.4
Chicago: Tomczyk, Arkadiusz Marek, and Szyga-Pluta, Katarzyna. "Okres wegetacyjny w Polsce w latach 1971-2010". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 1 (2016): 75-86. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.4
Harvard: Tomczyk, A., & Szyga-Pluta, K. 2016. "Okres wegetacyjny w Polsce w latach 1971-2010". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 75-86. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.4

Abstract This paper provides an assessment of the spatial diversity of biometeorological conditions in Toruń and its suburban area in 2012. The study makes use of meteorological data sourced from 10 automatic weather stations set up at locations differing in terms of land cover and use. The analysis was based on data of hourly resolution comprising the following meteorological elements: air temperature (°C), global solar radiation (W·m–2), relative humidity of the air (%) and wind speed (m·s–1). These elements provided a basis for the calculation of the following biometeorological indices: the universal thermal climate index (the UTCI), physiological subjective temperature (PST), the predicted insulation of clothing (Iclp) and physiological strain (PhS). The greatest differences in biometeorological conditions were found between the centre of Toruń (LO1, situated in the Medieval Old Town) and the suburban area (KON, situated in an agricultural area of Koniczynka). Over the annual course, the greatest differences between the two sites (LO1 and KON) characterised January, in respect of the UTCI (13.6°C), PST (4.7°C) and PhS (–1.3), or else January and February, as regards Iclp (–0.4 clo) at moderate physical activity. The most favourable biothermal conditions are characteristic of the city centre (LO1). For example, where the UTCI is concerned, no heat stress is found to occur through half the year (45%). Similar conditions (UTCI = 42%) were observed at sites where urban green space is a vital factor in the development of biometeorological conditions (BAR, ZOO and RMA). Green space modifies the sky view factor markedly, though first and foremost influencing values recorded for meteorological elements (e.g. by reducing wind speed). Occasionally, unfavourable conditions may occur in the central part of the city in the summer, especially when physical activity is vigorous. On cloudless or sparsely cloudy days, in the daytime or at night, the highest values of the UTCI, for example, were recorded in the street canyon of the Old Town courtyard (LO1). During the day the UTCI exceeded 38°C there (”very strong heat stress”). The most unfavourable conditions in turn characterised the suburban site of KON, where, according to the UTCI, for example, moderate to strong cold stress was observed on 42% of the days in a year. Such conditions differ from the other sites analysed in necessitating clothing with better thermal insulation properties, especially in the winter. During the year as a whole, heat stresses for the human body were most disparate in terms of their diurnal course in residential areas (single-family houses/blocks of flats) with a substantial share of green space (ZOO and RMA). For the residents of Toruń and tourists alike, two-thirds of the year (mainly the warm season) looks favourable from the point of view of heat stress. Conditions prevailing then did not cause excessive stress for the body (“moderate cold stress” or “no thermal stress”). Therefore, regular summer clothing or transitional season clothing is recommended for most of the year in Toruń.

Keywords: bioklimat miast, organizm człowieka, wskaźniki biometeorologiczne, Toruń, Koniczynka

Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska, Department of Climatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Marek Kejna [marek.kejna@umk.pl]
Rajmund Przybylak, Department of Climatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Citation

APA: Araźny, A., Uscka-Kowalkowska, J., Kejna, M., Przybylak, R., & Kunz, M. (2016). Zróżnicowanie warunków biometeorologicznych w Toruniu i jego strefie podmiejskiej w 2012 r.. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.5
MLA: Araźny, Andrzej, et al. "Zróżnicowanie warunków biometeorologicznych w Toruniu i jego strefie podmiejskiej w 2012 r.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, 2016, pp. 87-108. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.5
Chicago: Araźny, Andrzej, Uscka-Kowalkowska, Joanna, Kejna, Marek, Przybylak, Rajmund, and Kunz, Mieczysław. "Zróżnicowanie warunków biometeorologicznych w Toruniu i jego strefie podmiejskiej w 2012 r.". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 1 (2016): 87-108. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.5
Harvard: Araźny, A., Uscka-Kowalkowska, J., Kejna, M., Przybylak, R., & Kunz, M. 2016. "Zróżnicowanie warunków biometeorologicznych w Toruniu i jego strefie podmiejskiej w 2012 r.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 87-108. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.5

Abstract The work described here examined contrasts in biothermal conditions relating to location within the Polish Baltic coastal zone. For the purposes of this study it was assumed that tourists at different towns might relocate from west to east in the following ways: Świnoujście–Ustka (Ś–U), Świnoujście–Gdańsk (Ś–G), Świnoujście–Hel (Ś–H), Ustka–Gdańsk (U–G), Ustka–Hel (U–H), Gdańsk–Hel (G–H). The basic data used to make comparisons were then hourly values for meteorological elements obtained from the relevant stations in the warm (April-September) half-years of the 2001-2010 period. Also for the purposes of this study, the variability characterising bioclimatic conditions was calculated by means of the bioclimatic contrast index – BCI, which offers an assessment of the adaptation stress in the circumstances of a sudden change in weather conditions or change of location. Such changes in external conditions induce stress in an organism and entail the activation of adaptation processes. The BCI index combines various bioclimatic indices, i.e. UTCI, SW, Iclp and PST, with values then being represented by the classes of contrast described as very small, small, moderate, high, very high and extremely high. Values assumed by the index are positive where warmer bioclimatic conditions characterise the home location in comparison with the chosen destination, or else negative where colder conditions are present at the home location than at the destination. The contrast to be noted between the stations studied was mostly (in 83% of cases) found to be very small. On average, the contrasts termed small were present in 14.4% of comparisons, with moderate on 2.4%, and high occasionally only. Contrasts capable of being defined as very high and extremely high were not found between the stations under analysis during the study period. However, it was demonstrated that relocations from Świnoujście to: Ustka, Gdańsk or Hel, or else from Gdańsk to Hel would tend to involved colder weather conditions, while relocations from Ustka to Gdańsk or further to Hel – would prevalently be associated with warming weather conditions. Over the 24-hour period, the most marked bioclimatic contrasts between the aforementioned pairs of stations were those noted at 12 noon and 3 p.m. The most limited contrasts in turn characterised night-time – from 9 p.m. to 3 a.m. The marked predominance of very small bioclimatic contrasts and the complete lack of very high and extremely high classes in the findings can be attributed to the confi nement of the area under analysis to a single (coastal) region.

Keywords: bioklimat, wybrzeże, wskaźnik BCI, zmienność, stres bioklimatyczny

Agnieszka Mąkosza [agnieszka.makosza@zut.edu.pl]
Jadwiga Nidzgorska-Lencewicz, West Pomeranian University of Technology Department of Meteorology and Climatology Papieża Pawła VI 3A, 71-459 Szczecin: Poland

Citation

APA: Mąkosza, A., & Nidzgorska-Lencewicz, J. (2016). Kontrastowość warunków bioklimatycznych w strefie polskiego wybrzeża Bałtyku w ciepłej połowie roku. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(1), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.6
MLA: Mąkosza, Agnieszka, and Nidzgorska-Lencewicz, Jadwiga. "Kontrastowość warunków bioklimatycznych w strefie polskiego wybrzeża Bałtyku w ciepłej połowie roku". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, 2016, pp. 109-120. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.6
Chicago: Mąkosza, Agnieszka, and Nidzgorska-Lencewicz, Jadwiga. "Kontrastowość warunków bioklimatycznych w strefie polskiego wybrzeża Bałtyku w ciepłej połowie roku". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 1 (2016): 109-120. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.6
Harvard: Mąkosza, A., & Nidzgorska-Lencewicz, J. 2016. "Kontrastowość warunków bioklimatycznych w strefie polskiego wybrzeża Bałtyku w ciepłej połowie roku". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 109-120. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.6