Abstract

The socio-economic development of Lubuskie Voivodeship is reflected in (and reflects) dynamic transformations occurring within its spatial structure. As this region of western Poland experiences ongoing urban concentration of industrial and service-related activities, rural transformations, and growing mobility of residents, the effect is for labour migration between settlement units to be enhanced. This in turn necessitates in-depth spatial analysis, if the mechanisms governing commutes are to be understood, and their significance for the region’s functioning appreciated. In this context, the work presented here may prove useful to both provincial and municipal local authorities as they exercise their responsibility for the pursuit if socio-economic policy at the provincial, regional and local levels.

The main objective of the research described here was to reference gravity theory in the context of a search for underlying regularities to the commutes people make around Lubuskie Voivodeship. The model in question assumes that the intensity of spatial interactions (in this case labour flows between places of residence and places of employment) is directly proportional to mass (as most often understood by reference to population size); as well as being inversely proportional to separating distance. That said, it is possible to distinguish various approaches taken as research seeks to apply the gravity model. A classical version indeed takes population size and distances between spatial units into account. However, in line – presumably – with the availability of data, the literature also offers models including such other local determinants as production, employment, and wage levels.

This paper nevertheless returns to the classical form of the gravity model, on the basis of a hypothesis stating that, while commutes to given places may indeed be under the significant influence of local conditions at times, it is still the factors of population potential and road distance that matter most in determining the intensity of the phenomenon as manifested in two identified sub-regions of the Polish region under study.

To test this hypothesis further, we constructed – and engaged in the empirical assessment of – models describing the intensity of labour flows in the said sub-regions (of Gorzów and Zielona Góra). The models were developed at the level of the local administrative unit (LAU), which is the so-called gmina in the Polish context. There are 82 such units across Lubuskie Voivodeship, including 9 categorised as urban, 35 as urban-rural, and 38 as rural. In terms of our division, 29 of the LAUs fall within the Gorzów sub-region, and 53 that of Zielona Góra. Relevant data – derived from Statistics Poland, and specifically its 2021 National Population and Housing Census – related to numbers of wage-earners moving from one gmina to another for the purposes of work. Model parameters were estimated using linearised power regression. The distance index was determined as the shortest car-travel route between the centroids of the municipalities, on the basis of OpenStreetMap data, and using the Open Source Routing Machine (OSRM) engine.

Analyses revealed commuting flows linked in statistically significant ways with both population size in a given gmina and road distance. Thus, in the Gorzow sub-region, a gmina-of-residence population greater by 1% is associated with level of commuting that is 0.472% higher; even as a destination-gmina (place of work) population larger by 1% is linked to a commuting flow 0.915% larger. In the Zielona Góra sub-region, the corresponding respective values are 0.385% and 0.860%.

Distance is shown to have the opposite effect, meaning that a distance between gminas that is greater by 1% translates into numbers of commuters lower by 2.153% (in Gorzów sub-region) or 2.225% (in that of Zielona Góra). Road distance thus serves to introduce the so-called “spatial resistance” into the models, implying a barrier to labour mobility.

The results obtained confirm the hypothesis that road distance and population potentials at gmina level remain important factors determining intensity of commuting. The appropriateness of the assumptions made is confirmed by the relatively good fit between the models and the empirical data (r² = 0.7018 in Gorzów sub-region and r² = 0.6154 in that of Zielona Góra).

As the authors were in a position to diagnose the largest deviations between real-life values and those predicted by the models, it was possible to identify cases in which local factors outweigh the general rule. An example here is the flow heading out from Kłodawa to Gorzów Wielkopolski, which comprises 1618 people as opposed to the predicted 964. This can be seen to reflect the residential (or even dormitory) function of the gmina of Kłodawa vis-à-vis the city. Similar mechanisms were observed in the Zielona Góra sub-region, especially in the case of commutes from rural gminas to such centres as Żary, Nowa Sól, Świebodzin and Zielona Góra.

Commuting serves as a lead indicator as urban functional areas (MOFs) are identified in the practice of regional management. However, our results suggest that the urban functional area cores of Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra – as the voivodeship centres – extend beyond the boundaries of these areas as they are delineated formally. Thus, from a public-policy point of view, our results may find application as efforts are made to improve transport networks, plan road modernisation and develop sustainable mobility. Local-level knowledge of the directions and intensities characterising commutes to work can also help as investment priorities are determined, especially in road infrastructure, and the integration of public transport into regional labour markets. Under conditions of increasing shuttle traffic, it is essential to ensure a transport network of adequate capacity and quality, given the direct impact this has on both regional development and the comfort of living experienced by inhabitants.

Keywords: commuting, gravity models, Poland, Lubuskie Voivodeship, local level

Przemysław Szczuciński [pszczucinski@ajp.edu.pl], Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Wydział Ekonomiczny
Łukasz Budzyński [lbudzynski@ajp.edu.pl], Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Wydział Prawa i Bezpieczeństwa

Citation

APA: Szczuciński, P., & Budzyński, �. (2025). Dojazdy do pracy w województwie lubuskim w kontekście teorii grawitacji. Przegląd Geograficzny, 97(3), 265-282. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.2
MLA: Szczuciński, Przemysław, and Budzyński, Łukasz. "Dojazdy do pracy w województwie lubuskim w kontekście teorii grawitacji". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, 2025, pp. 265-282. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.2
Chicago: Szczuciński, Przemysław, and Budzyński, Łukasz. "Dojazdy do pracy w województwie lubuskim w kontekście teorii grawitacji". Przegląd Geograficzny 97, no. 3 (2025): 265-282. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.2
Harvard: Szczuciński, P., & Budzyński, �. 2025. "Dojazdy do pracy w województwie lubuskim w kontekście teorii grawitacji". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 265-282. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.2

Abstract

Changes in the contemporary world determine the need for changes in the ways young people are educated. Geography as a school subject is particularly relevant in this case. The change may be determined by the scope of civic education, as it fosters the provision of knowledge, the development of skills and attitudes in terms of engagement with the place of life – at different spatial scales. The study analyses the Polish geography national curriculum, verifying the possibilities for developing civic competences proposed by the Council of Europe (2016). Our study used a qualitative analysis of the national geography curriculum at all educational stages, in particular content analysis, as well as some quantitative procedures. We focused on the relationship between citizenship and geography education, the frequency of civic competences, and the sense of belonging included in geography national curricula. The study reveals that the curriculum is strongly national-oriented in the context of developing civic competences. It also shows the challenge to develop civic competences on a global scale.

Keywords: citizenship education, civic competence, geography education, curriculum

Daria Hejwosz-Gromkowska [daria.hejwosz@amu.edu.pl], Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Sociology of Education
Dawid Abramowicz [dawid.abramowicz@amu.edu.pl], Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences

Citation

APA: Hejwosz-Gromkowska, D., & Abramowicz, D. (2025). Between global and local: civic competences in geography education in Poland. Przegląd Geograficzny, 97(3), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.3
MLA: Hejwosz-Gromkowska, Daria, and Abramowicz, Dawid. "Between global and local: civic competences in geography education in Poland". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, 2025, pp. 283-299. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.3
Chicago: Hejwosz-Gromkowska, Daria, and Abramowicz, Dawid. "Between global and local: civic competences in geography education in Poland". Przegląd Geograficzny 97, no. 3 (2025): 283-299. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.3
Harvard: Hejwosz-Gromkowska, D., & Abramowicz, D. 2025. "Between global and local: civic competences in geography education in Poland". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 283-299. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.3

Abstract

The article addresses the issue of residential multilocality, focusing on the relationship between living in more than one place, attachment to place, and engagement with local issues. It presents a theoretical framework for conceptualizing multilocality as a dynamic process of residing in multiple locations, offering an alternative to traditional notions of migration and daily mobility. The study seeks to answer how the “polygamy of place” and the temporary presence or absence of multilocal residents affect their attachment to places of residence and levels of community engagement.

A strong attachment to places of residence is evidenced by the prolonged use of specific locations, accompanied by relatively few relocations. Over time, respondents had the opportunity to build and deepen their ties to these places. Among participants, there was a tendency to expand their activity space by establishing an additional residence while maintaining the original one, which suggests a reluctance to abandon the current residence in favor of a new location. The time spent in each place is clearly asymmetrical: one location typically dominates as the space for daily functioning, while the other serves complementary roles: recreational, familial, or work-related.

Interpretation of responses to open-ended questions reveals several dimensions of place attachment: functional, emotional, and, less frequently, identity-related. Although classical models of attachment tend to assume a singular “rootedness,” many respondents expressed a sense of being “at home” in both places of residence, indicating an expanded model of belonging.

The study shows that mobility does not lead to an uprooting effect, and that it is not solely the duration and stability of residence that play the most important role in shaping place attachment. Rather, the presence of significant additional elements of interaction also has an impact. The research highlights that the subjective benefits of a place for individual activities, as well as the perceived possibilities offered by the location, are key factors. What keeps individuals in a place, therefore, is grounded in utility, not merely attachment. Mobility between two places of residence can complement the fulfillment of specific housing needs and compensate for a lack of emotional attachment to place. Functional attachment is recognized as a predictor of limited emotional bonding and identification with a location. Attachment alone – without specifying its type – is therefore not a decisive factor in determining local commitment.

Despite a high level of satisfaction with their place of residence, declared involvement in local life remains relatively low: more than half of respondents do not engage in any location. Factors limiting civic activity include temporary presence, a low sense of agency, lack of knowledge about local conditions, and, not infrequently, personal preferences. Thus, on the one hand, there are observable links between emotional belonging and a willingness to act for the community. On the other hand, multilocality, as an organizational practice of everyday life, generates structural constraints – such as limited time and spatial dispersion – that inhibit such engagement. Functional affiliation is also more frequently associated with a lower inclination to participate in local affairs.

Patterns of place attachment and engagement are complex in the context of multilocality, and any simplifications – including those adopted in the paper – fail to capture the full empirical diversity. People living in more than one place may develop strong spatial attachments, yet often lack the opportunity to participate fully in local life. Incorporating the perspective of multilocal residents is essential when considering spatial planning and strategies for social inclusion. Otherwise, a condition of “double invisibility” – both statistical and social – will persist, exacerbating the deficit of representation and influence in local affairs.

Keywords: multilocality, residential multilocality, place attachment, place dependence, local engagement, spatial mobility

Barbara Jaczewska [bgibki@uw.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych

Citation

APA: Jaczewska, B. (2025). Pomiędzy dwoma miejscami pobytu. Wielolokalność mieszkaniowa a przywiązanie do miejsca i zaangażowanie w sprawy lokalne. Przegląd Geograficzny, 97(3), 301-325. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.4
MLA: Jaczewska, Barbara. "Pomiędzy dwoma miejscami pobytu. Wielolokalność mieszkaniowa a przywiązanie do miejsca i zaangażowanie w sprawy lokalne". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, 2025, pp. 301-325. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.4
Chicago: Jaczewska, Barbara. "Pomiędzy dwoma miejscami pobytu. Wielolokalność mieszkaniowa a przywiązanie do miejsca i zaangażowanie w sprawy lokalne". Przegląd Geograficzny 97, no. 3 (2025): 301-325. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.4
Harvard: Jaczewska, B. 2025. "Pomiędzy dwoma miejscami pobytu. Wielolokalność mieszkaniowa a przywiązanie do miejsca i zaangażowanie w sprawy lokalne". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 301-325. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.4

Abstract

The research paper investigates the state of preservation of industrial heritage in Łódź, with a focus on its adaptive reuse and its significance in urban renewal processes. The study primarily explores projects carried out in pre-war factory areas during the post-transformation period, marked by the city’s rapid deindustrialisation. This economic shift, accompanied by social turbulence, contributed to serious spatial problems within the urban structure. Abandoned factory buildings have shaped degraded urban areas, often becoming sources of spatial exclusion and, in some cases, forming physical barriers that disconnected entire inner-city blocks from the active urban fabric. The research was conducted between April 2024 and April 2025 using qualitative methods, including fieldwork and on-site analysis of 287 post-industrial sites. The analysis of adaptive reuse directions of post-industrial heritage enables drawing more general conclusions regarding the revitalisation of such sites. Selected examples illustrate a range of new functions introduced into former factory spaces and evaluate which solutions are most effective in restoring spatial coherence and reintegrating fragmented areas within the city.

Keywords: post-industrial heritage, adaptive reuse, urban regeneration, revitalisation, spatial integration, Łódź

Magdalena Baranowska-Deptuła [magdalena.baranowska.deptula@geo.uni.lodz.pl], University of Łódź, Department of Political and Historical Geography and Regional Studies

Citation

APA: Baranowska-Deptuła, M. (2025). Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage in Łódź as a tool for reintegrating urban spatial structure. Przegląd Geograficzny, 97(3), 327-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.5
MLA: Baranowska-Deptuła, Magdalena. "Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage in Łódź as a tool for reintegrating urban spatial structure". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, 2025, pp. 327-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.5
Chicago: Baranowska-Deptuła, Magdalena. "Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage in Łódź as a tool for reintegrating urban spatial structure". Przegląd Geograficzny 97, no. 3 (2025): 327-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.5
Harvard: Baranowska-Deptuła, M. 2025. "Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage in Łódź as a tool for reintegrating urban spatial structure". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 327-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2025.3.5

Abstract

W dziejach polskiej geografii wojskowej trudno znaleźć postać równie zasłużoną, a zarazemtak głęboko osadzoną w zawiłościach historii XX w., jak podpułkownik Mieczysław Szumański.Żołnierz Legionów, topograf, konspirator, emigrant. Człowiek, którego życie było nietylko odzwierciedleniem burzliwych losów Rzeczypospolitej, ale i świadectwem niezłomnejwierności wobec jej sprawy. Z perspektywy geografii wojskowej biografia ppłk. MieczysławaSzumańskiego zasługuje na szczególne upamiętnienie. Nie tylko ze względu na jego długoletniąsłużbę w Wojskowym Instytucie Geograficznym i organizację podziemnej służbykartograficznej w okupowanej Polsce, lecz także przez wzgląd na szeroko zakrojoną działalnośćnaukową – z zakresu topografii wojskowej i najnowszej historii, a także dydaktycznąi popularyzatorską, którą prowadził zarówno przed wojną, jak i na emigracji w Paryżu.

...

Leszek Butowski [leszek.butowski@geo.uni.lodz.pl], Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Nauk Geograficznych

Citation

APA: Butowski, L. (2025). W cieniu map i historii – wspomnienie o podpułkowniku Mieczysławie Szumańskim (1896‑1973). Przegląd Geograficzny, 97(3), 343-346. https://doi.org/
MLA: Butowski, Leszek. "W cieniu map i historii – wspomnienie o podpułkowniku Mieczysławie Szumańskim (1896‑1973)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, 2025, pp. 343-346. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Butowski, Leszek. "W cieniu map i historii – wspomnienie o podpułkowniku Mieczysławie Szumańskim (1896‑1973)". Przegląd Geograficzny 97, no. 3 (2025): 343-346. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Butowski, L. 2025. "W cieniu map i historii – wspomnienie o podpułkowniku Mieczysławie Szumańskim (1896‑1973)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 343-346. https://doi.org/