Przegląd Geograficzny (2019) tom 91, zeszyt 1

Abstract W ostatnich dekadach XX w. i na początku XXI w. obserwuje się w skali globalnej znaczący wzrost temperatury powietrza. W odniesieniu do pozostałych elementów klimatu informacje są rozbieżne. Na przykład, relacjonowany jest wzrost opadów lub ich zmniejszanie. Brak jest praktycznie informacji, czy i w jakim stopniu zmieniają się wilgotność powietrza i prędkość wiatru. Obszary górskie są miejscami szczególnie wrażliwymi na zmiany klimatu. Dlatego też w opracowaniu tym podjęto próbę porównania sezonowych i wieloletnich zmian niektórych elementów klimatu i wskaźników klimatycznych w polskich wysokich górach (Tatry i Karkonosze) w latach 1951–2015. Stwierdzono szereg podobieństw i różnic klimatycznych pomiędzy badanymi pasmami, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do gradientów wysokościowych temperatury powietrza (gradient średniej rocznej temperatury powietrza wynosi -0,53°C w Tatrach i -0,55°C na 100 m wzniesienia w Karkonoszach)1 i pokrywy śnieżnej (10 cm/100 m w Tatrach i 12 cm/100 m w Karkonoszach). Opady atmosferyczne cechują się gradientem wysokościowym 38 mm/100 m w Karkonoszach i 53 mm/100 m w Tatrach. Stwierdzono także podobieństwa i różnice tempa zmian różnych elementów klimatu w analizowanym wieloleciu. W przypadku średniej rocznej temperatury istotny trend zmian wynosi w obydwu pasmach około 0,3°C na 10 lat. W większości przypadków zmiany charakterystyk opadowych oraz dotyczących pokrywy śnieżnej są nieistotne statystycznie.

Keywords: klimat, zmiany klimatu, Tatry, Karokonosze

Krzysztof Błażejczyk [k.blaz@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Błażejczyk, K. (2019). Sezonowa i wieloletnia zmienność niektórych elementów klimatu w Tatrach i Karkonoszach w latach 1951–2015. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(1), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.2
MLA: Błażejczyk, Krzysztof. "Sezonowa i wieloletnia zmienność niektórych elementów klimatu w Tatrach i Karkonoszach w latach 1951–2015". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, 2019, pp. 41-62. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.2
Chicago: Błażejczyk, Krzysztof. "Sezonowa i wieloletnia zmienność niektórych elementów klimatu w Tatrach i Karkonoszach w latach 1951–2015". Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 1 (2019): 41-62. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.2
Harvard: Błażejczyk, K. 2019. "Sezonowa i wieloletnia zmienność niektórych elementów klimatu w Tatrach i Karkonoszach w latach 1951–2015". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 41-62. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.2

Abstract This work should acquaint Polish readers with the current state of knowledge on the impact of that the management of mountain forests exerts on soil and on the circulation of water and matter, including via such phenomena as erosion, sediment transport and flooding. It draws abundantly on foreign review papers on specific issues, at the same time augmenting the theses formulated with findings from most recent works and relating to Polish conditions. This literature review has provided a basis for it to be concluded that: 1) forest management, and above all the associated roads and skid trails, accelerate both water erosion and landslide processes in mountainous areas; 2) the movement of matter along forest roads (by both of the above mechanisms) is usually one to more than two orders of magnitude greater than that occurring on steep forested slopes; 3) unpaved forest roads, skid trails and wood-storage areas are the main sources of sediment in forest areas, while paved roads contribute to accelerated surface runoff; 4) the type and location of roads in mountain forest have a significant impact on the intensity of water erosion and landslides processes, as well as peak flows and resulting flood risk in lower locations; 5) roads and skid trails leading along the slope gradient and directly crossing roads and streams intensify further both erosion and the deposition of sediments into streams; 6) the network of forest roads may contribute by up to several percent to increases in peak flows, as well as the resulting flash floods; 7) in the years immediately following clear-cutting, a two- to four-fold increase in the frequency of large flooding events is to be anticipated; 8) annual streamflow usually increases significantly where at least 20% of the tree basal area in a forest is removed; 9) the return of the hydrological system to its pre-harvest state is extremely slow (lasting up to 80 years); 10) there has recently been no universal confirmation of previously demonstrated associations between streamflow increase in mountain catchments and reductions in plant cover.

Keywords: pozyskanie drewna, góry, przegląd literatury, erozja, wezbrania, transport fluwialny

Andrzej Affek [a.affek@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Affek, A. (2019). Wpływ gospodarki leśnej na terenach górskich na wybrane elementy środowiska – aktualny stan wiedzy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.3
MLA: Affek, Andrzej. "Wpływ gospodarki leśnej na terenach górskich na wybrane elementy środowiska – aktualny stan wiedzy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, 2019, pp. 63-81. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.3
Chicago: Affek, Andrzej. "Wpływ gospodarki leśnej na terenach górskich na wybrane elementy środowiska – aktualny stan wiedzy". Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 1 (2019): 63-81. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.3
Harvard: Affek, A. 2019. "Wpływ gospodarki leśnej na terenach górskich na wybrane elementy środowiska – aktualny stan wiedzy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 63-81. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.3

Abstract Although ground mechanised skidding is an economically efficient method of timber extraction, it brings several negative consequences to the natural environment. According to the literature, out of all the different forest operations, it is timber extraction (skidding) and the associated presence of forest roads and skid trails that contribute most to soil compaction, increased erosion, surface runoff and flash floods (see Affek 2019 for review). The objective of our study was thus to assess the size of environmental impacts of logging in the eastern part of the Polish Carpathians with more accuracy and a broader scope than has been achieved before (the results of the first phase of this work being published in Forest Ecology and Management; Affek et al., 2017). To this end, we took twice as large a sample of forest divisions and calculated the density of forest roads and its links to topography. We also estimated the range of any potential edge effect caused by forest roads, and supplemented our analysis with a description of the methods and intensity of timber harvesting in the study area. Within the 15 Forest Districts analysed (comprising 2639 km2 of forested area), we randomly selected 120 Forest divisions (covering 48 km2 in total) for analysis. We used the national LiDAR dataset of countrywide coverage (point density of 4 per m2) to detect forest roads and skid trails. The total length, mean density, mean and maximum inclination, and mean coverage of forest roads were calculated, while the potential combined edge effect of these was also determined. These data were linked with official forest spatial data regarding forest management practices, forest types, age of stands and planned cuts, as well as relevant policy documents, reports and scientific literature. We demonstrated that the mean density of forest roads in the 120 forest divisions selected is 12.48 km/km², including paved and unpaved roads and skid trails. The estimated density for the eastern part of the Polish Carpathians is in the range 11.43-13.53 km/km² (with 95% probability). The obtained confidence interval was lower by 35% when set against the one derived from the analysis of 60 Forest Districts. The length of the entire road network was an estimated 30166-35706 km, equating to some 4.6-5.4% of the forest area being covered by roads. Maximum road inclination in the sampled forest divisions ranges from 9 to 38°, while about 8% of forest roads lead through slopes of more than 20°. Ground skidding by means of skidders, forwarders and agricultural tractors adapted for logging is the most common method of timber extraction in the Polish Carpathians. The total volume of the harvest in the analysed 15 Forest Districts in 2016 was of a planned 1,230,153 m3, equating to an average harvest of 4.62 m3/ha. The most common types of treatment for the current 10-year periods are: late and early thinning (38.5% of the area), gradual thinning improved (35.6%) and early and late cleaning (7%). We concluded that the LiDAR-assessed density of Carpathian logging roads (including skid trails) is among the highest reported in the literature, which translates into disturbed soil structure over approx. 5% of the entire area analysed. The density of forest roads is not related to slope steepness, but the same density of roads in steep terrain obviously has a far greater impact on erosion and sediment transport than is the case in more gentle terrain. The selective harvesting method used today in the Carpathians requires frequent entry of heavy equipment (skidders, forwarders or tractors) into large forest areas, hence skidding now appears to be a bottleneck for sustainable forest management in the Carpathians. One of the possible solutions leading to a more sustainable management of forest resources in the mountains is thus the replacement of ground skidding with environment-friendly cable cars.

Keywords: drogi leśne, zrywka, LiDAR, erozja, efekt brzegowy, Karpaty Wschodnie

Andrzej Affek [a.affek@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Maria Zachwatowicz [m.zachwatowicz@uw.edu.pl]

Citation

APA: Affek, A., Gerlée, A., Sosnowska, A., & Zachwatowicz, M. (2019). Oszacowanie skali wpływu pozyskiwania drewna na wybrane elementy środowiska we wschodniej części polskich Karpat. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(1), 83-106. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.4
MLA: Affek, Andrzej, et al. "Oszacowanie skali wpływu pozyskiwania drewna na wybrane elementy środowiska we wschodniej części polskich Karpat". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, 2019, pp. 83-106. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.4
Chicago: Affek, Andrzej, Gerlée, Alina, Sosnowska, Agnieszka, and Zachwatowicz, Maria. "Oszacowanie skali wpływu pozyskiwania drewna na wybrane elementy środowiska we wschodniej części polskich Karpat". Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 1 (2019): 83-106. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.4
Harvard: Affek, A., Gerlée, A., Sosnowska, A., & Zachwatowicz, M. 2019. "Oszacowanie skali wpływu pozyskiwania drewna na wybrane elementy środowiska we wschodniej części polskich Karpat". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 83-106. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.4

Abstract The aim of this work was to estimate the potential of arable land to provide a regulating service – namely decomposition, following the CICES v5.1 theoretical framework and classification system. Arable land potential was estimated by characteristics of earthworms (Lumbricidae), notably the density and biomass of their populations. Arable lands accounts for about 60% of Poland, and such intensive land-use systems (and especially those involving large-scale monocultures) exert a significant impact on individual components of the environment, for example leading to a degradation of soil structure and an increase in its aeration, to mineralisation of humus, and to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In this context, an important aspect is maintenance of resources of organic matter in soil, given that the latter not only plays a significant role in production, as a habitat and in regard to retention, but also mediates processes of carbon sequestration that have the potential to reduce the greenhouse effect. Since Charles Darwin conducted his classic studies of earthworms in the late 1800s, these species have been recognised as major actors in the processing of dead and decomposing organic matter. Earthworms improve soil bulk density, pore size, water infiltration rate, soil water content, and water-holding capacity. High earthworm densities are associated with well-drained, aerated, fertile soils. Characteristics of earthworm assemblages in terms of their biomass and density (also within ecological groups) can thus serve as valuable indicators of Ecosystem Services (ES) offered by agricultural ecosystems, given the key relationships pertaining between earthworms and critical soil processes for ES. The study areas are located in a young glacial landscape in Suwalskie Lake District in NE Poland (OM), as well as the Western Pomeranian Lake District in NW Poland (OP). The farmlands selected (of 90 and 100 ha respectively) are old structured landscapes under constant management for at least 100 years. The main site selection criterion was thus the existence of two spatially different configurations of arable land in each region – i.e. a heterogeneous one of small fields (PM) that belong to private owners; and a homogeneous one comprising large fields (PW) previously state-managed but now subject to a continuous method of cultivation. A total of 440 sampling points were analysed. Earthworms were collected under similar weather conditions in May (spring season) and in October (autumn season) over a two-year period (2007–2008). Pits 30 cm deep of cross-sectional area 0.25 m2 were dug out by hand, with specimens extracted in situ by a combination of sifting and hand-sorting and than fixed immediately in 70% ethanol. All the individuals were identified to species level, counted and weighted. Statistical calculations were made using SAS 9.2 software. To determine the significance of differences in quantitative characteristics of assemblages of earthworms, multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, with the significance level set at p = 0.05. The results of the analysis in supra-regional terms show that areas of more diversified spatial structure support a significantly higher density and biomass of earthworms than do structurally-poorer areas. This means that, in this aspect, the potential for providing decomposition services (ES) is higher in the mosaic of small fields than the homogeneous area. On a regional basis, the overall density and biomass of Lumbricidae points to significant differences between OM (“the masurian area”) and OP (“the pomeranian area”). It should be emphasised that differences between miscellaneous systems of agricultural areas are much more visible in the case of the OM area. The small fields of the OM area are much smaller than the corresponding fields in OP area, and are also crossed by numerous balks and mid-field roads.

Keywords: usługi ekosystemowe, dekompozycja, Lumbricidae, krajobrazy rolnicze, Polska północna i północno-wschodnia

Edyta Regulska [eregulska@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Regulska, E. (2019). Potencjał krajobrazów rolniczych do świadczenia usługi dekompozycji materii organicznej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(1), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.5
MLA: Regulska, Edyta. "Potencjał krajobrazów rolniczych do świadczenia usługi dekompozycji materii organicznej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, 2019, pp. 107-119. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.5
Chicago: Regulska, Edyta. "Potencjał krajobrazów rolniczych do świadczenia usługi dekompozycji materii organicznej". Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 1 (2019): 107-119. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.5
Harvard: Regulska, E. 2019. "Potencjał krajobrazów rolniczych do świadczenia usługi dekompozycji materii organicznej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 107-119. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.5

Abstract Urban streams have recently become an important topic of diversified scientific research. This reflects their ecological and recreational significance. It is well known that progressive urbanisation in large cities poses a threat to natural ecosystems like bodies of water and watercourses. Changes in stream morphology caused by regulation and inflows from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants influence water quality and interfere with the water cycle. The 65.3 km2 catchment of the Służewiecki Stream is located in the south-western part of Warsaw. It flows 17.1 km through five districts of the capital city and is the largest tributary of the River Vistula in the Warsaw area. Due to a huge (86.8%) contribution of built-up areas, including land associated with communications, industry and commerce, the stream is under a constant, wide-ranging anthropopressure. Upstream, from source to outlet from the Airport rainwater treatment plant, the Służewiecki Stream flows mainly through an underground channel. However, downstream there is a significant modification introduced in the catchment thanks to two artificial bodies of water (called Staw Wyścigi and Staw Służewiecki). The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and seasonal variability of selected quality parameters of water in the Służewiecki Stream catchment. Research sought to identify changes in physical and chemical parameters along the Stream and its two tributaries, as well as to determine seasonal variation in these parameters. For those purposes, the field investigations run from November 2017 through to October 2018, over a regular two-week cycle, involved water temperature, oxygen saturation, conductivity and pH. A monthly cycle was in turn applied in determining concentrations of nitrates and phosphates. Measurements were conducted at 11 sites across the catchment, of which nine (P1-P9) were along the Stream itself, and two (D1, D2) on its largest tributaries (the Rów Grabowski and Kanał Wolicki). Measurement sites were selected to ensure assessment of the impacts of various forms of anthropopressure on the selected water-quality parameters; with the Warsaw Airport rainwater treatment plant and two artificial bodies of water considered to influence most. On the basis of the data obtained, magnitude and variability parameters were calculated, while the similarity of measurement sites was determined using the Ward agglomeration method. Additionally, in August 2018, field investigation of aquatic vegetation was carried out, indicating the presence of five species of macrophyte along the Służewiecki Stream. The results indicate that the physico-chemical regime along the Służewiecki Stream is mostly disturbed by the two artificial bodies of water, which interrupt the natural continuum of the river. Thermal and oxygen conditions undergo the greatest transformation. The bodies of water also cause a change in phosphate concentration due to their bioaccumulation and immobilisation of ions. However, tributaries and the operation of the Airport rainwater treatment plant also exert a significant impact on spatial variability to investigated parameters along the Służewiecki Stream. Seasonal differentiation in physico-chemical characteristics was mainly related to meteorological conditions, the vegetative cycle of photosynthetic organisms and changes in anthropopressure. Most of the tested parameters displayed a clear seasonal cycle, though the exceptions were nitrate and phosphate, whose cycles reflect the impact of various, independent factors, such as hydrological conditions, decomposition processes and wastewater inflow.

Keywords: jakość wody, paramentry fizyczno-chemiczne, antropopresja, Potok Służewiecki, zlewnia zurbanizowana

Agnieszka Halaś [aj.halas@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland
Kaja Czarnecka [czarnecka@twarda.pan.pl], Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. S. Leszczyckiego PAN
Maksym Łaszewski [m.laszewski@uw.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych

Citation

APA: Halaś, A., Czarnecka, K., Piasecki, K., & Łaszewski, M. (2019). Przestrzenne i sezonowe zróżnicowanie wybranych parametrów jakości wody w zlewni zurbanizowanej na przykładzie Potoku Służewieckiego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(1), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.6
MLA: Halaś, Agnieszka, et al. "Przestrzenne i sezonowe zróżnicowanie wybranych parametrów jakości wody w zlewni zurbanizowanej na przykładzie Potoku Służewieckiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, 2019, pp. 121-138. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.6
Chicago: Halaś, Agnieszka, Czarnecka, Kaja, Piasecki, Krzysztof, and Łaszewski, Maksym. "Przestrzenne i sezonowe zróżnicowanie wybranych parametrów jakości wody w zlewni zurbanizowanej na przykładzie Potoku Służewieckiego". Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 1 (2019): 121-138. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.6
Harvard: Halaś, A., Czarnecka, K., Piasecki, K., & Łaszewski, M. 2019. "Przestrzenne i sezonowe zróżnicowanie wybranych parametrów jakości wody w zlewni zurbanizowanej na przykładzie Potoku Służewieckiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 121-138. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.6