Przegląd Geograficzny (2014) tom 86, zeszyt 3

Abstract The aim of this review has been to describe the phenomenon of the dendrochronological recording of air pollution. Special emphasis was placed on: (1) summarising relevant studies conducted previously both in Poland and abroad, (2) highlighting the research techniques applied most commonly, and (3) presenting the basic physiological and morphological consequences of the exposure of plants to harmful chemical substances present in the air. Although the problem of growth–ring reductions to industrial emissions has gained frequent investigation (e.g. Danek, 2007; Szychowska-Krąpiec, 2009; Malik et al., 2011, 2012), this paper would seem to represent a first attempt to review the achievements of the method in the Polishliterature.The dendrochronological method is widely regarded as the most precise dating technique in the Earth Sciences (e.g. Gärtner, 2007). As the final width of a single tree-ring refl ects both genetics and certain external factors, it is possible to make reference to rings in studying the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristic of various environmental phenomena. Since the 1970s, it has become clear that air pollution episodes may be recorded effectively in tree-ring series. Such chemical substances as sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, fluorides and ozone are all toxic to plants, inasmuch as that they individually and collectively exert a negative influence on key physiological processes. They are thus responsible for patterns of reduced growth that can be dated with the year-to-year accuracy by means of dendrochronological techniques.Over the last forty years, much work around the world has been devoted to the above problem. Most has focused on study of the impact of harmful gaseous substances emitted from such point sources as smelters (e.g. Sutherland and Martin, 1990; Nojd and Reams, 1996) or fertiliser factories (e.g. Evertsen et al., 1986; Stravinskiene et al., 2013). Beyond that, some works haverepresented a broader approach researching air pollution impacts on a regional or international scale (e.g. Danek, 2007; Elling et al., 2009). In each case, the results reveal a more or less serious reduction of tree-rings corresponding well with periods of low air quality.The range of techniques gaining application in the studies described has been wide, though in the main it is the more complex ones that have generated more precise and reliable results. The simplest method is based on visual assessment of a curve showing the width of tree-rings over time. Visible, persisting low values combined with knowledge of the activity of some factory in the vicinity can lead to the drawing of conclusions as regards the causal relationship. Much fi eldwork is tailored to the sampling of reference (control) sites, not affected by air pollutants. Data from the study and the reference site are then compared using different statistical methods. Narrower rings formed by trees growing at the study site are taken to confirm thepresence of a phenomenon reflecting emissions from local industry. Another method, proposed by Schweingruber et al. (1985), is based on the analysis of characteristic years and abrupt growth changes.

Keywords: dendrochronologia, zanieczyszczenie powietrza, bioindykacja powietrza

Filip Duszyński [filip.duszynski@uwr.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego

Citation

APA: Duszyński, F. (2014). Zapis zanieczyszczenia powietrza w przyrostach rocznych drzew. Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(3), 317-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.2
MLA: Duszyński, Filip. "Zapis zanieczyszczenia powietrza w przyrostach rocznych drzew". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, 2014, pp. 317-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.2
Chicago: Duszyński, Filip. "Zapis zanieczyszczenia powietrza w przyrostach rocznych drzew". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 3 (2014): 317-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.2
Harvard: Duszyński, F. 2014. "Zapis zanieczyszczenia powietrza w przyrostach rocznych drzew". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 317-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.2

Abstract The aim of the analysis presented here has been to describe long-term variability in air temperature in Poland over the 1951-2010 period. Certain spatial aspects have also been discussed. In order to provide a representative and homogeneous temperature series, station data were averaged for 7 geographical regions of Poland, and for the country as a whole. The distinction drawn between shoreland, lakelands, lowlands, highlands, Subcarpathia, the Sudetes and the Carpathians is as adopted after Kondracki (2002). It takes account of such important factors underpinning spatial variability in temperaturę as altitude, relief, land use, and, indirectly (as a result of latitudinal distribution) also distance from the Baltic Sea and the amount of received solar radiation. In total, monthly average temperature values from 45 synoptic stations were used to calculate an area-averaged temperature for Poland (Table 1). Further study then entailed analysis of annual, seasonal and monthly series with a view to determining trends (at an adopted statistical signifi cance of =0.05), decadal average temperature variability, the longterm course to be noted for air temperature anomalies and the range of variability. The most signifi cant feature of the long-term (1951-2010) variability in annual air temperature in Poland is the statistically signifi cant increase that displays in every analysed region, with an average rate of change exceeding 0.2°C per decade (Table 2). At the seasonal level, an upward trend is to be noted for spring (+0.36°C/10 years) and summer (almost 0.2°C/10 years). In line with this, the decade 2001-2010 was the hottest in the analyzed period (Table 3, 8-10), with the exception of winter (Table 7), for which a slight decrease in average air temperature relative to the 1991-2000 period could be observed. When set against the whole 1951-2000 period, the rate of annual warming remains approximately constant though the summer-season contribution to the warming trendis clearly increasing, while the winter contribution is reduced. On a monthly basis, statistically signifi cant warming over the period is to be observed for February (by over 0.5°C/10 years – the highest rate for any month), during spring (i.e. in March, April and May), and in July and August. Analysis addressing the spatial distribution to the trend revealed that the highest rate of temperature increase is affecting northern Poland (the shoreland and lakeland belts) and the Carpathians, while the lowest rate of increases is to be observed for the highlands and the Sudetes. The long-term course of air temperature anomalies is dominated by short-term variability, which manifests itself in relatively large changes from year to year and with the occurrence of short warm and cold periods. However, where annual series are concerned there has been a noticeable run of warmer years since 1988 (Fig. 1), with only a few exceptions (e.g. 1996 and 2010). A similar situation applies to spring (Fig. 3) and summer (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the spatial cohesion displayed by air-temperature variability indicates that observed changes in thermal conditions in Poland are mainly driven by large-scale factor(s). Fluctuations in annual air temperature averaged for Poland do not exceed ±2°C. On the seasonal scale, variability range varies from 3.9°C in summer to 10.2°C in winter, while at the level of individual months the range is between 4.7°C in June and 16.3°C in February. Relatively small variations in air temperature characterisethe Baltic coast (the shoreland belt). Another feature of long-term air temperaturę change in Poland is that the values for extreme negative anomalies in winter are clearly larger than the positive ones. In the annual cycle, July is most often the warmest month (in 60% of the years during the 1951-2010 period), while the minimal average air temperaturę has most often been recorded in January (in 45% of years).

Keywords: zmienność klimatu, temperatura powietrza, średnie obszarowe, trendy, anomalie temperatury, Polska

Citation

APA: Wójcik, R., & Miętus, M. (2014). Niektóre cechy wieloletniej zmienności temperatury powietrza w Polsce (1951-2010). Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(3), 339-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.3
MLA: Wójcik, Robert, and Miętus, Mirosław. "Niektóre cechy wieloletniej zmienności temperatury powietrza w Polsce (1951-2010)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, 2014, pp. 339-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.3
Chicago: Wójcik, Robert, and Miętus, Mirosław. "Niektóre cechy wieloletniej zmienności temperatury powietrza w Polsce (1951-2010)". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 3 (2014): 339-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.3
Harvard: Wójcik, R., & Miętus, M. 2014. "Niektóre cechy wieloletniej zmienności temperatury powietrza w Polsce (1951-2010)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 339-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.3

Abstract

The aim of the work described here has been to determine synoptic situations associated with intensive snowfalls in selected regions of Europe. Specifi cally, an analysis was carried out for three stations representing regions with different climatic conditions in winter. Synoptic conditions were characterized on the basis of atmospheric pressure at sea level, the height of the 500 hPa isobaric area and air temperature at the 850 hPa isobaric level. Typical features of synoptic situations leading to intensive snowfalls in Belgrade are negative SLP anomalies and a lowering height of the 500 hPa isobaric area over SouthernEurope, as indicating the presence of a low-pressure system. Heavy snowfalls in Suwałki, Poland, are in turn associated with the occurence of a low-pressure system centred on the south-eastern Baltic Sea. Finally, the occasional snowstorms characterising Ubachsberg in The Netherlands are associated with extensive low-pressure troughs that bring in humid and cold air masses from the north and north-west.

Keywords: Europa, pokrywa śnieżna, cyrkulacja, warunki synoptyczne

Arkadiusz Marek Tomczyk, Adam Mickiewicz University Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań: Poland

Citation

APA: Tomczyk, A., & Bednorz, E. (2014). Synoptyczne uwarunkowania intensywnych opadów śniegu w wybranych regionach Europy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(3), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.4
MLA: Tomczyk, Arkadiusz Marek, and Bednorz, Ewa. "Synoptyczne uwarunkowania intensywnych opadów śniegu w wybranych regionach Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, 2014, pp. 365-380. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.4
Chicago: Tomczyk, Arkadiusz Marek, and Bednorz, Ewa. "Synoptyczne uwarunkowania intensywnych opadów śniegu w wybranych regionach Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 3 (2014): 365-380. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.4
Harvard: Tomczyk, A., & Bednorz, E. 2014. "Synoptyczne uwarunkowania intensywnych opadów śniegu w wybranych regionach Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 365-380. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.4

Abstract The aim of the work detailed here was to assess the suitability of the conceptual Santa Barbara Unit Hydrograph model for simulating a fl ow hydrograph in urbanised catchments exemplifi ed by that of the Służewiec Stream sub-catchment (A = 14.7 km2) in Warsaw, Poland. The area of the sub-catchment was characterised by a 40% share of impermeable surfaces, a large portion of which are equipped witha stormwater drainage system.The article presents the calculation procedure applied in a computer program developed by the author, which can be used to simulate flows on the basis of the SBUH model. The scope of the work included determination of parameters of the model (tc, Kr), using the iterative method for 13 selected rainfall-runoff events measured in the catchment during the 2006-2008 period. As parameters of the model were determined, no differences between measured and simulated maximal flows were noted, while parameters calculated for the individual analyzed rainfall-runoff events were found to vary markedly. The data obtained were used to devise a formula providing for calculation of the retention coeffi cient for the reservoir (Kr), as well as the time of concentration (tc) based on the coefficient, and calculated in relation to the maximum intensity of effective rainfall. Values for the time of concentration calculated using the formula ranged from 0.417 to 1.291 h, with a mean value of 0.707 h. Mean values for concentrations determined using the iterative method were found to be the same as those obtained through application of the formula described above.The times of concentration calculated using the formula were applied in simulating maximum flows using the SBUH model, with values found to range between 5.609 and 24.385 m3 s–1. The average value for the maximum flow of 10.343 m3 s–1 did not differ much from the average value of measured fl ows (9.847 m3 s–1).Maximum flows calculated using the model were compared with those measured in the fi eld, in this way making possible an assessment of the calculation procedure and the SBUH model. Relative error values established on the basis of these flows ranged from–28.3 to 87.6% (8.9% on average). Relative errors of flow simulations for the 9 eventsdid not exceed 15%. The results obtained confirm the suitability of the SBUH model forsimulating flow hydrographs in the urbanized Służewiecki Stream sub-catchment.

Keywords: zlewania zurbanizowana, proces opad-odpływ, przepływy maksymalne hydrogramów, czas koncentracji, model SBUH

Citation

APA: Barszcz, M. (2014). Zastosowanie modelu Santa Barbara Unit Hydrograph do symulacji hydrogramu przepływów w zlewniach zurbanizowanych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(3), 381-391. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.5
MLA: Barszcz, Mariusz. "Zastosowanie modelu Santa Barbara Unit Hydrograph do symulacji hydrogramu przepływów w zlewniach zurbanizowanych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, 2014, pp. 381-391. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.5
Chicago: Barszcz, Mariusz. "Zastosowanie modelu Santa Barbara Unit Hydrograph do symulacji hydrogramu przepływów w zlewniach zurbanizowanych". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 3 (2014): 381-391. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.5
Harvard: Barszcz, M. 2014. "Zastosowanie modelu Santa Barbara Unit Hydrograph do symulacji hydrogramu przepływów w zlewniach zurbanizowanych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 381-391. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.5

Abstract The soil is among the most complex elements of the environment, and the world’s oldest soils have been in existence for about 3 billion years. Settlement from the earliest days of humankind’s existence on earth has involved the use of soils to produce biomass as a food source. This article draws attention to contemporary domestic and EU policies relating to soil degradation and erosion. The analysis of these policies commenced with the key problem of defi ning soil, this in fact being so complex in its nature that no exact defi nition was forthcoming for many years, this in turn hindering the taking of any more major decisions in this sphere. Implementation processes in European Union countries were affected as a consequence, as were actual steps to protect and maintain this component of the natural environment. As of the beginning of 2010, there was essentially still no operating EU defi nition of soil, but the matter began to be addressed via Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (the IED Directive). However, the non-binding European Soil Charter of 1972 did pay attention to the erosion of soil by water, and a further step towards the protection of soil from erosion came in 1981 with the World Soil Charter (FAO - UN).Soil erosion has been attended to repeatedly by the European Commission and European Parliament, though the records the above analysis sought to identify were often too general, or else enshrined nothing more than voluntary principles where the use of soil was concerned, in this way failing to contribute much to improving the situation. The long-term lack of a defi nition of soil has certainly not been irrelevant to today’s policy in the area. A further problem to which attention is drawn by the European Commission concerns a lack of reliable and accurate methods by which to research soil erosion. For this reason, it is not possible to determine the exact scale of the phenomenon.The problem of soil erosion in Poland was noticed even before accession to the Community. Contributions in this regard were made by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, whose long-term studies have sought to assess the scale of the problem and take appropriate steps to protect the soil against erosion.The article signals the problem of soil erosion which is perceived, but not addressed by policy instruments. There is a lack of consistency to both domestic policy and that of the EUwhere the approach to soil erosion is concerned, the problem being addressed in documents relating to such areas as agriculture, climate change, the protection of waters against pollution, spatial information infrastructure, farming of vegetables andfruits, forest management and even the, marking of products.The review of Polish law reveals that the emphasis is mainly on safeguarding soils against chemical changes. Not much space is devoted to mechanical changes connectedinter alia with the processes of erosion. There are now many items of both EU and Polish legislation relating to soil erosion, but the policy these relate to cannot be said to have had spectacular effects.Nevertheless, Poland does implement programmes and research projects aiming to reduce surface runoff. An example is the project “Prevention of water erosion in mountains associated with the runoff of rainwater. Maintenance of mountain streams and related infrastructure in good condition”, as implemented under the project concerning small-scale retention across the State Forests National Forest Holding.

Keywords: akty prawne, erozja, gleby, przegląd

Citation

APA: Piasecka, J. (2014). Problemy erozji gleb w prawie unijnym i polskim. Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(3), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.6
MLA: Piasecka, Joanna. "Problemy erozji gleb w prawie unijnym i polskim". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, 2014, pp. 393-403. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.6
Chicago: Piasecka, Joanna. "Problemy erozji gleb w prawie unijnym i polskim". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 3 (2014): 393-403. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.6
Harvard: Piasecka, J. 2014. "Problemy erozji gleb w prawie unijnym i polskim". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 393-403. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.6

Abstract Sannikov Land was one of the greatest myths of Arctic geography, probably seen for the first time in the 17th century and remaining fascinating to this day. Convinctions as to the existence of this area resulted in the organisation of various expeditions of discovery. Among these efforts, the one mounted on the greatest scale with a view to Sannikov Land finally being discovered was the 1901-1902 expedition of Eduard Toll.This ended tragically for the explorer himself, while leaving the question of the existence of Sannikow Land unresolved. An answer (in the negative) finally came with systematic cartographic study carried out in Soviet Russia. However, the non-existence ofSannikov Land from the point of view of geography has not prevented it from winning a permanent position for itself in pop culture, through its inspiration of books, films and computer games.

Keywords: Arktyka, geografia, badania, odkrycia, Ziemia Sannikowa

Citation

APA: Kubiak, K. (2014). W poszukiwaniu Ziemi Sannikowa. Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(3), 405-415. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.7
MLA: Kubiak, Krzysztof. "W poszukiwaniu Ziemi Sannikowa". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, 2014, pp. 405-415. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.7
Chicago: Kubiak, Krzysztof. "W poszukiwaniu Ziemi Sannikowa". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 3 (2014): 405-415. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.7
Harvard: Kubiak, K. 2014. "W poszukiwaniu Ziemi Sannikowa". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 405-415. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.3.7

Jan Szupryczyński [jan.szupryczynski@geopan.torun.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Citation

APA: Szupryczyński, J. (2014). Zb. Zwoliński, A. Kostrzewski, M. Pulina (red.) – Dawne i współczesne geoekosystemy Spitsbergenu. Polskie badania geomorfologiczne, Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań 2013; 456 s.. Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(3), 417-426. https://doi.org/
MLA: Szupryczyński, Jan. "Zb. Zwoliński, A. Kostrzewski, M. Pulina (red.) – Dawne i współczesne geoekosystemy Spitsbergenu. Polskie badania geomorfologiczne, Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań 2013; 456 s.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, 2014, pp. 417-426. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Szupryczyński, Jan. "Zb. Zwoliński, A. Kostrzewski, M. Pulina (red.) – Dawne i współczesne geoekosystemy Spitsbergenu. Polskie badania geomorfologiczne, Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań 2013; 456 s.". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 3 (2014): 417-426. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Szupryczyński, J. 2014. "Zb. Zwoliński, A. Kostrzewski, M. Pulina (red.) – Dawne i współczesne geoekosystemy Spitsbergenu. Polskie badania geomorfologiczne, Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań 2013; 456 s.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 417-426. https://doi.org/