Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2

Articles

Friedrich Ratzel’s views on human geography and geopolitics

Piotr Eberhardt

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 199-224 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1

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Abstract This paper presents the creative achievements of Friedrich Ratzel – an outstanding German geographer commonly considered the world pioneer of political geography and geopolitics. Ratzel’s life and scientific achievements are presented first, and it is noted how his scientific work extend to several dozen books, devoted mainly to regional geography perceived on different territorial scales. It is recalled that Ratzel was the follower and heir to such great German geographers as J. Herder, K. Ritter and M. Wagner. His scientific worldview was also strongly infl uenced by the concepts of Ch. Darwin, H. Spencer, A. Comte and E. A. Haeckel. The remainder of the paper comprises two parts – a consideration of Ratzel’s views in matters of human geography, and then an assessment of his contribution to matters of political geography, which turned into geopolitics, under the intellectual inspiration of Ratzel. As achievements in the domain of human geography are presented, attention is also paid to Ratzel’s injection into explanations of the relations characterising human communities of both biological principles and deterministic factors. In his opinion, the development of human societies resembled nature in that a struggle for life took place, generating a form of natural selection that ensured the elimination of weaker organisms less adapted to the geographical, social and political environment. Another explanatory concept, which played an important cognitive role, was the Wagnerian theory of migrations, adopted by Ratzel. The analysis of the views of Ratzel on human geography seeks to emphasise the interdisciplinary nature of those views, with their connections to biology, sociology, ethnography, demography and statistics. The second part of the paper is then devoted to the scientific contribution made by Ratzel to the appearance of the new scientific discipline that geopolitics became. The basis for his reasoning was the proposition that the state and the nation, like a living organism, undergoes successive phases of development, from simple forms towards more complex ones. This development takes place in the framework of confrontations and military struggles for domination and living space (Lebensraum). Starting from these conceptual prerequisites, Ratzel considered his contemporary international situation and construed the image of future, probable political processes in the world. The presentation of Ratzel’s views stresses how use was later made of these in the formulation of German imperial plans and territorial annexation programs. However, as this phase characterised a period after Ratzel’s death, he cannot be held responsible for the extreme uses to which his ideas were put. Nevertheless, even with an overall positive assessment of the scientific achievements of Ratzel, substantive analysis and evaluation of this controversial issue could not be avoided.

Keywords: Friedrich Ratzel, antropogeografia, geopolityka

Piotr Eberhardt [p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Eberhardt, P. (2015). Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2015. "Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1

Housing policy as a tool for social mix in Paris

Magdalena Górczyńska

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 225-253 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.2

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Keywords: polityka mieszkaniowa, mieszkania o regulowanym czynszu, zróżnicowanie społeczne, Paryż, Francja

Magdalena Górczyńska [mgor@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Górczyńska, M. (2015). Polityka mieszkaniowa jako narzędzie różnicowania społecznego w Paryżu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 225-253. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.2
MLA: Górczyńska, Magdalena. "Polityka mieszkaniowa jako narzędzie różnicowania społecznego w Paryżu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 225-253. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.2
Chicago: Górczyńska, Magdalena. "Polityka mieszkaniowa jako narzędzie różnicowania społecznego w Paryżu". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 225-253. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.2
Harvard: Górczyńska, M. 2015. "Polityka mieszkaniowa jako narzędzie różnicowania społecznego w Paryżu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 225-253. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.2

Air transport in the servicing of Polish tour operators – Part I

Zbigniew Taylor, Ariel Ciechański

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 255-278 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.3

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Keywords: porty lotnicze, regularne linie lotnicze, przewoźnicy niskokosztowi, przewoźnicy czarterowi, turystyka zorganizowana, touroperatorzy, Polska

Zbigniew Taylor [z.taylor@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Ariel Ciechański [ariel@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Taylor, Z., & Ciechański, A. (2015). Transport lotniczy w obsłudze polskich touroperatorów – część I. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 255-278. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.3
MLA: Taylor, Zbigniew, and Ciechański, Ariel. "Transport lotniczy w obsłudze polskich touroperatorów – część I". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 255-278. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.3
Chicago: Taylor, Zbigniew, and Ciechański, Ariel. "Transport lotniczy w obsłudze polskich touroperatorów – część I". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 255-278. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.3
Harvard: Taylor, Z., & Ciechański, A. 2015. "Transport lotniczy w obsłudze polskich touroperatorów – część I". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 255-278. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.3

The potential and activity of scientific staff at Polish centres of geographical research

Jerzy Bański

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 279-298 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.4

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Keywords: geografia, kadra naukowa, ośrodki geograficzne, Polska

Jerzy Bański [jbanski@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Bański, J. (2015). Potencjał i aktywność kadry naukowej w polskich ośrodkach geograficznych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.4
MLA: Bański, Jerzy. "Potencjał i aktywność kadry naukowej w polskich ośrodkach geograficznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 279-298. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.4
Chicago: Bański, Jerzy. "Potencjał i aktywność kadry naukowej w polskich ośrodkach geograficznych". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 279-298. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.4
Harvard: Bański, J. 2015. "Potencjał i aktywność kadry naukowej w polskich ośrodkach geograficznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 279-298. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.4

Representations of rural space in the local self governments’ promotional brochures

Maria Bednarek-Szczepańska

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 299-319 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.5

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Abstract This article centres around an analysis and evaluation of how rural space is represented in the promotional publications that Poland’s local authorities in rural areas come out with. The purposes of the research were in fact served through the study of 33 promotional brochures of the above profi le, specially selected to reflect differences between Poland’s gminas in terms of location, social conditions and main economic functions, as well as the role assigned there to nature, environmental protection and infrastructure; and to the external environmental when it comes to the shaping of the said representation of municipalities. Studies have already shown just how diverse the approach taken by local authorities in creating an image of their rural area may be. Brochures are seen to be adaptable in the way that they can either weaken or reinforce certain cliché images of rural space. Efforts to break with stereotypical images of rural areas generally entail a playing-down of the productive functions of agricultural space, with simultaneous “talking up” of any manifestations of modernity and technological progress that may be present. Strengthening of the stereotypical image of rural space in turn occurs when and where the significance of – and commitment to – folk culture are alluded to, while valuable natural features also receive accentuation. The principal result of the study has thus been an identification of main motifs, which is to say recurring patterns resorted to as rural space is represented in the promotional brochures published by local authorities, with a view to a particular image being conveyed. The fi rst of these is the motif of space attractive from the point of view of tourism. Tourist attractiveness is a ubiquitous, most-common characteristic ascribed to rural space. Another identified motif is that of the comprehensively perfect space. Attractiveness for the purposes of residence, recreation, investment and work are emphasised here with equal force. The rural area thus features as a space combining attributes that appear mutually exclusive at first glance. In this ideal space the needs of different social groups can be met, with the theme of traditional modernity also being assembled by means of a similar principle of combining antagonisms. Symptoms of modernity (technological progress, modern infrastructure), harmonise with socially-appreciated forms of conservatism (respect for tradition and the ongoing cultivation of certain kinds of ceremony, for example). The research has also made it clear how the motif of dynamically-developing space is returned to repeatedly. In this context space is seen to be improving steadily and continuously, as supported by the vital ongoing processes of infrastructural and economic development. The presence of this motif acts to break the stereotype of the rural area as a place of stagnation. Beyond the aforementioned, yet further motifs capable of being distinguished were: space for the young-generation, space associated with celebration and folk culture, space associated with history and remembrance and unspoiled space.

Keywords: reprezentacje przestrzeni, wizerunek, przestrzeń wiejska, jakościowa analiza tekstu, foldery gmin

Maria Bednarek-Szczepańska [bednarek@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Bednarek-Szczepańska, M. (2015). Przedstawienia wiejskiej przestrzeni w publikacjach promocyjnych gmin. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.5
MLA: Bednarek-Szczepańska, Maria. "Przedstawienia wiejskiej przestrzeni w publikacjach promocyjnych gmin". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 299-319. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.5
Chicago: Bednarek-Szczepańska, Maria. "Przedstawienia wiejskiej przestrzeni w publikacjach promocyjnych gmin". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 299-319. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.5
Harvard: Bednarek-Szczepańska, M. 2015. "Przedstawienia wiejskiej przestrzeni w publikacjach promocyjnych gmin". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 299-319. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.5

Changes in the accessibility to private transport of towns in Poland’s Łódź voivodship in the years 2013-2015

Szymon Wiśniewski

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 321-341 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.6

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Keywords: dostępność transportowa, województwo łódzkie, infrastruktura drogowa, transport indywidualny, statystyki tendencji centralnej

Citation

APA: Wiśniewski, S. (2015). Zmiany dostępności miast województwa łódzkiego w transporcie indywidualnym w latach 2013-2015. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.6
MLA: Wiśniewski, Szymon. "Zmiany dostępności miast województwa łódzkiego w transporcie indywidualnym w latach 2013-2015". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 321-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.6
Chicago: Wiśniewski, Szymon. "Zmiany dostępności miast województwa łódzkiego w transporcie indywidualnym w latach 2013-2015". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 321-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.6
Harvard: Wiśniewski, S. 2015. "Zmiany dostępności miast województwa łódzkiego w transporcie indywidualnym w latach 2013-2015". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 321-341. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.6

On an optimal territorial division of Poland: using gravity analysis

Przemysław Śleszyński

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 343-359 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.7

Further information

Abstract This article discusses issue relating to the current administrative division of Poland, as it seems there are more arguments emerging that make such a discussion of a possible amendment necessary. In recent times there has been yet-further conditioning of the situation as regards anticipated depopulation and a weakening economic base, with more functions expected to be lost by some urban centres. In these circumstances it is worth offering examples of how use may be made of the gravity analysis to show what possibilities for optimisation may exist. The article refers in particular to elaborations by D. Sokołowski (2014) and Ł. Zaborowski (2014a) which concern the administrative division of Poland at the level of the voivodship (province-region). The background to the discussion is an administrative division of Poland that has now been in place for more than 15 years, making it possible for a comprehensive assessment of its impact on wider economic and social life to be made. There are three main reasons why such an assessment ought to be critical. First, the effects of reforms and adopted administrative-territorial solutions seem not to be satisfactory, or at least are less so than expected (as regards the division of competences, and the numbers and sizes of individual units). Second, there is the polarising nature of the country’s current development, which is assessed negatively. And the third relevant factor is then the expected intensification of the depopulation process in Poland, with further deterioration of the age structure to the Polish population, an associated decrease in revenues to territorial units of administration and a consequent need to further optimise public services. All these factors make plainer the need for a discussion regarding optimisation of the country’s administrative division. It seemed clear from the outset that gravity analysis might prove a useful method of optimisation. The assumption is that the determination of the number and designation of areas belonging to or affiliated with major settlement centres can involve consideration being given to natural gravitation, as related to a physical understanding of relevant socio-economic impacts. If a given unit experiences greater attraction to another, their legal and administrative linkages may denote, not only greater spatial and functional cohesion, but also a greater possibility of synergies, benefits of cooperation, and so on, arising. The analyses made use of a classic gravitation model with a matrix of cities/towns together with Poland’s units of local-government administration at gmina level (as aggregated in the case of the Upper Silesian conurbation and the Tri-City (GdańskGdynia-Sopot), as well as the urban and rural gminas sharing the same seats). Adopted to give the assumed weight was a synthetic index composed in equal proportions of the size of the population and the number of enterprises. Analyses were then performed in relation to two issues: the optimal number of highest-order units and ranges of impact or influence. Analyses drawing on the aforesaid gravity analysis point to the sub-optimal nature of both the number of first-tier administrative units and their boundaries as delineated currently. For example, it may be concluded that a division of Poland more justified than the present one involving 16 voivodships (province-regions) would comprise 14 units at this level (i.e. a reduced number) or else 18-20 (an increase).

Keywords: podział terytorialny, zasięg oddziaływania, modele grawitacji

Przemysław Śleszyński [psleszyn@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Śleszyński, P. (2015). W sprawie optymalnego podziału terytorialnego Polski: zastosowanie analizy grawitacyjnej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 343-359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.7
MLA: Śleszyński, Przemysław. "W sprawie optymalnego podziału terytorialnego Polski: zastosowanie analizy grawitacyjnej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 343-359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.7
Chicago: Śleszyński, Przemysław. "W sprawie optymalnego podziału terytorialnego Polski: zastosowanie analizy grawitacyjnej". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 343-359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.7
Harvard: Śleszyński, P. 2015. "W sprawie optymalnego podziału terytorialnego Polski: zastosowanie analizy grawitacyjnej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 343-359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.7

Review

M. Kowalski – Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej. Państwo magnackie jako region polityczny, Prace Geograficzne, IGiPZ PAN, 238, Warszawa 2013; 396 s

Julia Tazbirowa

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 361-364 | Full text

Further information

Keywords: księstwa, regiony polityczne, państwa magnackie, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów

Citation

APA: Tazbirowa, J. (2015). M. Kowalski – Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej. Państwo magnackie jako region polityczny, Prace Geograficzne, IGiPZ PAN, 238, Warszawa 2013; 396 s.. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 361-364. https://doi.org/
MLA: Tazbirowa, Julia. "M. Kowalski – Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej. Państwo magnackie jako region polityczny, Prace Geograficzne, IGiPZ PAN, 238, Warszawa 2013; 396 s.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 361-364. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Tazbirowa, Julia. "M. Kowalski – Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej. Państwo magnackie jako region polityczny, Prace Geograficzne, IGiPZ PAN, 238, Warszawa 2013; 396 s.". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 361-364. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Tazbirowa, J. 2015. "M. Kowalski – Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej. Państwo magnackie jako region polityczny, Prace Geograficzne, IGiPZ PAN, 238, Warszawa 2013; 396 s.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 361-364. https://doi.org/

Kronika

Przegląd Geograficzny T. 87 z. 2 (2015), Kronika

Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 365-371 | Full text