Piotr Eberhardt
Articles
The issue of the division of East Prussia in the period of World War II
Przegląd Geograficzny (2018) tom 90, zeszyt 4, pp. 595-614 | 
Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
Abstract This paper presents the reasons for, and the historical-political conditions underpinning, the liquidation and division of East Prussia after World War II. It is recalled here that, even before the War, Polish scholars, including quite a number of leading Polish geographers, had aimed to have such a political design implemented. The period of the War itself saw respective proposals drawn up in various detailed variants. The very first two of these were presented on April 2nd, 1940, in Paris by Division III of the Head Office of the Polish Army Commander (at that time General Władysław Sikorski). The subsequent proposal for the course of the border was as finalised by October 17th, 1940 in London, by the Bureau for Political Studies of the Polish Government-in-Exile. The three variants are presented and commented upon in the article, as well as shown in Fig. 1. They did not gain any high political status, unlike the decision on the division of East Prussia taken personally by Joseph Stalin in July1944, during a meeting with the Polish Delegation. This concept for the course of the border is also shown in Fig. 1. The defeat of Nazi Germany and the occupation of this German border province by the Red army made it possible for effect to be given to an already-formulated territorial postulate. The decisions of the three powers, taken in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam, are also presented and commented upon. The final part of the paper then presents the procedures by which the borderline was delineated, and determined in practice, as this resulted in the ultimate division of East Prussia into Polish and Soviet parts. In particular, attention is paid to the boundary negotiations relevant to that, which took place throughout 1945. Over the longer term, the boundary in fact proved unstable, with individual localities changing their political affiliations from one state to the other. All this of course happened under strong pressure from the Soviet side that effectively left the Polish party helpless. The border that was finally established, largely in the form of a straight line running East-West, in fact persists through to the present day, and now separates Poland from the Kaliningrad District of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: II wojna światowa, Prusy Wschodnie, granice polityczne Polski
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2018). Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2018. "Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
The geopolitical concepts of Tomas Masaryk
Przegląd Geograficzny (2017) tom 89, zeszyt 2, pp. 319-338 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
Abstract This article presents the political and geopolitical views of Tomas Masaryk, who was not only an outstanding statesman, the founder of the Czechoslovak state and its fourterm President, but also a prominent scholar. He dealt mainly with philosophy, and his work in this domain is commonly known. On the other hand, his achievements in geopolitics have much less attention paid to them by the respective literature. This article thus recalls this thrust to Masaryk’s work, and also provides an interpretation thereof. As Masaryk’s creative output on geopolitical issues is quite ample, the issues touched upon in the article only constitute a selection, based primarily on the criterion of importance from the geographical point of view. The first of these issues is associated with the concept of Masaryk’s so-called “Czechoslovakism”. He was of the opinion that Czechs and Slovaks are essentially a single nation, with the only slight difference relating to the shape of the literary language. He was thus convinced that these peoples ought to live in one state, a concept gaining positive implementation after World War I. Another subject selected by the author is the territorial programme elaborated by Masaryk for the Czechoslovak state. His postulates considered at the Peace Conference in Paris are recalled and made subject to further analysis in this paper. A subsequent part deals with the work of Masaryk in the theoretical domain, vis-à-vis his interest in the emergence of states and development of nations, as well the relationship between the two. In turn, most clearly geographical in character are his considerations regarding Central Europe and the place of Czechoslovakia therein – issues also taken up in this article, in which a final part sees Masaryk’s attitude to Poland and Poles also commented upon.
Keywords: Tomasz Masaryk, Czechosłowacja, geopolityka
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2017). Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(2), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, 2017, pp. 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 2 (2017): 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2017. "Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
The federal concepts of Milan Hodža
Przegląd Geograficzny (2016) tom 88, zeszyt 2, pp. 223-246 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.5
Keywords: Milan Hodža, federacjonizm, Europa Środkowa
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2016). Koncepcje federacyjne Milana Hodžy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(2), 223-246. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.5
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcje federacyjne Milana Hodžy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 2, 2016, pp. 223-246. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.5
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcje federacyjne Milana Hodžy". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 2 (2016): 223-246. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.5
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2016. "Koncepcje federacyjne Milana Hodžy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 223-246. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.2.5
Alexander de Seversky’s concept of „air power”
Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 4, pp. 705-722 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.4.7
Keywords: Alexander de Seversky, potęga powietrzna, Arktyka, geopolityka
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2015). Koncepcja „potęgi powietrznej” Aleksandra de Seversky’ego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(4), 705-722. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.4.7
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja „potęgi powietrznej” Aleksandra de Seversky’ego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 4, 2015, pp. 705-722. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.4.7
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja „potęgi powietrznej” Aleksandra de Seversky’ego". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 4 (2015): 705-722. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.4.7
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2015. "Koncepcja „potęgi powietrznej” Aleksandra de Seversky’ego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 705-722. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.4.7
Friedrich Ratzel’s views on human geography and geopolitics
Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 2, pp. 199-224 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
Abstract This paper presents the creative achievements of Friedrich Ratzel – an outstanding German geographer commonly considered the world pioneer of political geography and geopolitics. Ratzel’s life and scientific achievements are presented first, and it is noted how his scientific work extend to several dozen books, devoted mainly to regional geography perceived on different territorial scales. It is recalled that Ratzel was the follower and heir to such great German geographers as J. Herder, K. Ritter and M. Wagner. His scientific worldview was also strongly infl uenced by the concepts of Ch. Darwin, H. Spencer, A. Comte and E. A. Haeckel. The remainder of the paper comprises two parts – a consideration of Ratzel’s views in matters of human geography, and then an assessment of his contribution to matters of political geography, which turned into geopolitics, under the intellectual inspiration of Ratzel. As achievements in the domain of human geography are presented, attention is also paid to Ratzel’s injection into explanations of the relations characterising human communities of both biological principles and deterministic factors. In his opinion, the development of human societies resembled nature in that a struggle for life took place, generating a form of natural selection that ensured the elimination of weaker organisms less adapted to the geographical, social and political environment. Another explanatory concept, which played an important cognitive role, was the Wagnerian theory of migrations, adopted by Ratzel. The analysis of the views of Ratzel on human geography seeks to emphasise the interdisciplinary nature of those views, with their connections to biology, sociology, ethnography, demography and statistics. The second part of the paper is then devoted to the scientific contribution made by Ratzel to the appearance of the new scientific discipline that geopolitics became. The basis for his reasoning was the proposition that the state and the nation, like a living organism, undergoes successive phases of development, from simple forms towards more complex ones. This development takes place in the framework of confrontations and military struggles for domination and living space (Lebensraum). Starting from these conceptual prerequisites, Ratzel considered his contemporary international situation and construed the image of future, probable political processes in the world. The presentation of Ratzel’s views stresses how use was later made of these in the formulation of German imperial plans and territorial annexation programs. However, as this phase characterised a period after Ratzel’s death, he cannot be held responsible for the extreme uses to which his ideas were put. Nevertheless, even with an overall positive assessment of the scientific achievements of Ratzel, substantive analysis and evaluation of this controversial issue could not be avoided.
Keywords: Friedrich Ratzel, antropogeografia, geopolityka
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2015). Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(2), 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, 2015, pp. 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 2 (2015): 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2015. "Poglądy antropogeograficzne i geopolityczne Friedricha Ratzla". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 199-224. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.2.1
The Rimland concept of Nicholas Spykmanand its geopolitical consequences
Przegląd Geograficzny (2014) tom 86, zeszyt 2, pp. 261-280 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.2.5
Keywords: geopolityka, Spykman, Rimland
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2014). Koncepcja Rimlandu Nicholasa Spykmana i jej konsekwencje geopolityczne. Przegląd Geograficzny, 86(2), 261-280. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.2.5
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja Rimlandu Nicholasa Spykmana i jej konsekwencje geopolityczne". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 2, 2014, pp. 261-280. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.2.5
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja Rimlandu Nicholasa Spykmana i jej konsekwencje geopolityczne". Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 2 (2014): 261-280. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.2.5
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2014. "Koncepcja Rimlandu Nicholasa Spykmana i jej konsekwencje geopolityczne". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 261-280. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2014.2.5
Alfred Thayer Mahan's Navalizm concept
Przegląd Geograficzny (2013) tom 85, zeszyt 4, pp. 629-654 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2013.4.6
Keywords: geopolityka, nawalizm, Alfred Mahan
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2013). Koncepcja nawalizmu Alfreda Thayera Mahana. Przegląd Geograficzny, 85(4), 629-654. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2013.4.6
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja nawalizmu Alfreda Thayera Mahana". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 85, no. 4, 2013, pp. 629-654. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2013.4.6
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja nawalizmu Alfreda Thayera Mahana". Przegląd Geograficzny 85, no. 4 (2013): 629-654. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2013.4.6
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2013. "Koncepcja nawalizmu Alfreda Thayera Mahana". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 629-654. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2013.4.6
Russia and Europe according to Nikolay Danilevskiy
Przegląd Geograficzny (2012) tom 84, zeszyt 4, pp. 597-616 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.4.6
Keywords: geopolityka, Rosja, Mikołaj Danilewski
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2012). Rosja i Europa według Mikołaja Danilewskiego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 84(4), 597-616. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.4.6
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Rosja i Europa według Mikołaja Danilewskiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 84, no. 4, 2012, pp. 597-616. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.4.6
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Rosja i Europa według Mikołaja Danilewskiego". Przegląd Geograficzny 84, no. 4 (2012): 597-616. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.4.6
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2012. "Rosja i Europa według Mikołaja Danilewskiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 597-616. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.4.6
The theoretical and ideological foundations of geopolitics according to Rudolf Kjellén
Przegląd Geograficzny (2012) tom 84, zeszyt 2, pp. 313-332 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.2.7
Keywords: Kjellén Rudolf, geopolityka, państwo
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2012). Podstawy teoretyczne i ideowe geopolityki według Rudolfa Kjelléna. Przegląd Geograficzny, 84(2), 313-332. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.2.7
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Podstawy teoretyczne i ideowe geopolityki według Rudolfa Kjelléna". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 84, no. 2, 2012, pp. 313-332. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.2.7
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Podstawy teoretyczne i ideowe geopolityki według Rudolfa Kjelléna". Przegląd Geograficzny 84, no. 2 (2012): 313-332. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.2.7
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2012. "Podstawy teoretyczne i ideowe geopolityki według Rudolfa Kjelléna". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 313-332. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2012.2.7
Pioneers of German geopolitics
Przegląd Geograficzny (2011) tom 83, zeszyt 4, pp. 453-482 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.4.2
Keywords: antropogeografia, geopolityka, Niemcy, 18-19 w.
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2011). Prekursorzy niemieckiej geopolityki. Przegląd Geograficzny, 83(4), 453-482. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.4.2
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Prekursorzy niemieckiej geopolityki". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 83, no. 4, 2011, pp. 453-482. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.4.2
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Prekursorzy niemieckiej geopolityki". Przegląd Geograficzny 83, no. 4 (2011): 453-482. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.4.2
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2011. "Prekursorzy niemieckiej geopolityki". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 453-482. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.4.2
Halford Mackinder\'s Heartland concept
Przegląd Geograficzny (2011) tom 83, zeszyt 2, pp. 251-266 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.2.5
Keywords: Mackinder, geopolityka, Heartland
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2011). Koncepcja Heartlandu Halforda Mackindera. Przegląd Geograficzny, 83(2), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.2.5
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja Heartlandu Halforda Mackindera". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 83, no. 2, 2011, pp. 251-266. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.2.5
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcja Heartlandu Halforda Mackindera". Przegląd Geograficzny 83, no. 2 (2011): 251-266. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.2.5
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2011. "Koncepcja Heartlandu Halforda Mackindera". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 251-266. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2011.2.5
Polish precursors of the idea of Europe\'s political unification
Przegląd Geograficzny (2010) tom 82, zeszyt 4, pp. 509-529 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.4.2
Keywords: Europa, 18-19 w., polskie koncepcje integracyjne, integracja polityczna
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2010). Polscy prekursorzy idei zjednoczenia politycznego Europy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 82(4), 509-529. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.4.2
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Polscy prekursorzy idei zjednoczenia politycznego Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 82, no. 4, 2010, pp. 509-529. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.4.2
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Polscy prekursorzy idei zjednoczenia politycznego Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny 82, no. 4 (2010): 509-529. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.4.2
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2010. "Polscy prekursorzy idei zjednoczenia politycznego Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 509-529. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.4.2
The geopolitical concepts of Alexander Dugin
Przegląd Geograficzny (2010) tom 82, zeszyt 2, pp. 221-240 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.2.4
Keywords: geopolityka, geostrategia, Aleksander Dugin, Rosja
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2010). Koncepcje geopolityczne Aleksandra Dugina. Przegląd Geograficzny, 82(2), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.2.4
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcje geopolityczne Aleksandra Dugina". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 82, no. 2, 2010, pp. 221-240. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.2.4
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcje geopolityczne Aleksandra Dugina". Przegląd Geograficzny 82, no. 2 (2010): 221-240. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.2.4
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2010. "Koncepcje geopolityczne Aleksandra Dugina". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 221-240. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2010.2.4
The Geopolitical concepts of Karl Haushofer
Przegląd Geograficzny (2009) tom 81, zeszyt 4, pp. 527-549 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.1.5
Abstract This paper presenting the geopolitical achievements of well-known German geographer Karl Haushofer begins with a summary of Haushofer’s life and major achievements in politics and research. While the subject’s contacts with Hitler are recalled, it is stressed that – notwithstanding his opinions regarding nationalistm and superpower status – Haushofer acceptedneither Nazism nor anti-Semitism. The article goes on to present the main geopolitical concepts of its subject, of which the first concerned the new order (neue Ordnung), an advocation of major changes in Germany, not least in respect of a revised Treaty of Versailles. While these opinions from Haushofer were nothing more (lacking a scientific basis), they did initiate important political processes in Germany. The second concept discussed concerns world Pan-regions, as construed in relation to history, geography and philosophy, with a view to the world being divided into large territorial units both politically and geographically based. One of t Haushofer’s best-known definitions has world reduced to just the Pan-European, Pan-American, Pan-Russian and Pan-Pacific regions. Pan-Europe is (naturally) within the German zone of influence, with its capital in Berlin. It extends across Europe (excluding Russia, Ukraine and Byelorussia), as well as throughout Africa and the Middle East as broadly conceived. The Pan-Russian region in turn consists of the European part of Russia plus Byelorussia and Ukraine, western and eastern Siberia, Iran, Afghanistan and the whole Indian peninsula. The Pan-Pacific region was based on China with Tibet and Mongolia, the Russian Far East, South-Eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. The whole of that area was regarded as under the influence of Japan, leaving the Pan-American continent as supposedly dependent on the United States. The third analysed concept was a project for a so-called geopolitical “triangle”, which had a clearly political character and was created in 1940 as a reflection of the political pact between Germany, Italy and Japan. Haushofer sought to analysing the political and territorial consequences of this pact. One of the most important Haushofer concepts was the idea of the Euro-Asiatic Continental Block (Die Kontinentalblock Mitteleuropa–Eurasien–Japan). This was based on the geopolitical pact between Berlin, Moscow and Tokyo. The project was put into effect between August 1939 and December 1940, before finally being buried with Germany’s invasion of the USSR. This concept in fact referred to the well-known Mackinder ‘Heartland’ theory, and anticipated a future confrontation between land and maritime superpowers. A further part of the text focuses on Haushofer’s views of Poland, which were both critical and hostile, and hence in line with its author’s strong support for the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact that liquidated the Polish state. This paper concludes with an analysis of Haushofer’s scientific works and his outlook on the world. Though opposing Hitler during the last phase of World War II, Haushofer was nevertheless representative of extreme nationalism. However, if the political opinions can be put to one side, it is possible to note the major contribution made by Haushofer’s works to the development of political geography.
Keywords: Karl Haushofer, Niemcy (kraj), geopolityka
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2009). Koncepcje geopolityczne Karla Haushofera. Przegląd Geograficzny, 81(4), 527-549. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.1.5
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcje geopolityczne Karla Haushofera". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 4, 2009, pp. 527-549. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.1.5
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Koncepcje geopolityczne Karla Haushofera". Przegląd Geograficzny 81, no. 4 (2009): 527-549. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.1.5
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2009. "Koncepcje geopolityczne Karla Haushofera". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 527-549. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.1.5
The founders of the Ukrainian geopolitics
Przegląd Geograficzny (2009) tom 81, zeszyt 2, pp. 145-171 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.2.1
Abstract In the article, the introductory part presents the historical and political conditions behind the development of the Ukrainian national movement. A great influence on that movement’s first appearance was exerted by the Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius, whose members were Mykola Kostomarov, Pantheleon Kulish and Taras Shevchenko. The political situation in the Austrian province of Galicia and within Ukrainian territories belonging to Russia is then presented, attention being paid to the essential differences exerting a more significant impact on the way views on the future of Ukraine developed. The programmes of the Ukrainian organisations then in existence are presented, along with the views of the leading activists seeking to defend the interests of the Ukrainian people. It is notable how the latter were limited to the formulation of postulates as regards language and culture. Beyond that, one of the first scholars to posit the need for a fully sovereign Ukrainian statehood was Mykola Mikhnovs’kiy, who wrote extensively of the so-called samostiyna Ukraina („self-standing Ukraine”). This is what assures Mikhnovs’kiy’s place back at the outset of the history of Ukrainian geopolitics. It was he who proclaimed the necessity of establishing a sovereign Ukrainian state situated „between the Carpathians and the Caucasus”. Once the work of that scholar has been outlined, the paper goes on to present the views of four consecutive activists and political writers, each dealing with the geopolitical situation of the Ukrainian territories. The developers of the foundations for the new scientific discipline of geopolitics, by taking advantage of the achievements of geography and political science, are seen to be: Stepan Rudnytskyi, Dmytro Dontsov, Volodymyr Kubiyovich’ and Yuriy Lypa. The relevant scientific vitae and achievements in the domain of geopolitics are provided in the paper. Rudnytskyi authored a book on the geography of Ukraine, in which he presented its geopolitical situation with respect to neighbours. At the same time, he formulated the concept of an alliance of countries situated between the Baltic and the Black Sea. Dontsov was in turn a proponent of social and national Darwinism, and was the intellectual father of the ideological direction called „integral Ukrainian nationalism”. His concepts were extremely nationalistic and he glorified the idea of the great Ukrainian state. Another scholar considered among the founders of Ukrainian geopolitics is Kubiyovich’, an outstanding geographer among the promoters of the idea that all the ethnically Ukrainian lands should be incorporated within one nation state (in the so-called sborna Ukraina or united Ukraine). In contrast, Lypa was the author of a consistent doctrine pointing to Ukraine’s status as a Black Sea country. This set him apart from the other Ukrainian geographers and politicians, who saw the future of Ukraine as lying in association with either the East or with the West. Having completed his presentation of and comments on the work of the aforesaid five Ukrainian scholars, the author concludes by suggesting that their scholarly achievements are an original and interesting, as well as creative, contribution to the domain of geopolitics as broadly conceived.
Keywords: Ukraina, geopolityka, geopolitycy ukraińscy
[p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Citation
APA: Eberhardt, P. (2009). Twórcy ukraińskiej geopolityki. Przegląd Geograficzny, 81(2), 145-171. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.2.1
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Twórcy ukraińskiej geopolityki". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 2, 2009, pp. 145-171. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.2.1
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Twórcy ukraińskiej geopolityki". Przegląd Geograficzny 81, no. 2 (2009): 145-171. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.2.1
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2009. "Twórcy ukraińskiej geopolityki". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 145-171. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.2.1