Przegląd Geograficzny (2015) tom 87, zeszyt 3

Abstract Comparative analysis was performed in relation to the scales of ecological indicator values for plant species proposed by: (1) Ellenberg, for the flora of Germany, (2) Landolt for the flora of Switzerland and (3) Zarzycki for the flora of Poland – in relation to six environmental features classed as either “climatic”: light intensity [L], temperature [T] or continentality [K] or soil-related (edaphic), i.e. moisture [F], acidity [R] and nitrogen content [N]. Species characteristic of sandy xeric grasslands from Koelerio glaucaeCorynephoretea canescentis class were used as a ”tool” in the comparison. Numbers of species differ – from 55 to 62 - depending on environmental features and the compared scales. However, it was assumed that pairs of ecological scales were similar if the percentage share of species was above 50% in corresponding points on scales. The main aim of the analysis was to assess whether compared scales originating from different parts of Central Europe are similar (or different) in their ecological diagnosis as regards climatic and edaphic conditions, where each feature of the geographical environment is expressed in relation to three indicator values deriving from the three scales. The interpretation of results was based around two opposing hypotheses: that the scales compared are similar, with particular points along them conforming to the same ranges of actual measurements, while differences concern the assessment of the requirements of the species as indicators of environmental conditions; or that the scales are different (most often shifted by one degree), while the ecological requirements of the species are similar. The analysis of histograms of frequency for the particular species categories shows that examples supporting the fi rst of the two hypotheses are constituted by the pairs of scales for: (1) light intensity [L] of Ellenberg and Zarzycki, (2) temperature [T] of Ellenberg and Zarzycki; (3) soil moisture [F] of Ellenberg and Zarzycki; (4) nitrogen content in the soil [N] of Ellenberg and Landolt. In terms of the second hypothesis the distribution of frequencies of the species categories in the histograms allows for the explanation of the differences (shifts) within the compared pairs of scales concerning: (1) light [L] as expressed by Landolt or Zarzycki values; (2) continentality [K] of Ellenberg and Zarzycki; (3) soil moisture [F] of Ellenbeg and Landolt; (4) soil moisture of Landolt and Zarzycki; (5) soil acidity of Landolt and Zarzycki; (5) nitrogen content in the soil [N] of Ellenberg and Zarzycki. It is worth noting that similar results for analysis were obtained when the same ecological scales of indicator values were compared by reference to species from meadows of Molinio-Arrhenathereta class (Roo-Zielinska, 2004), deciduous forest of Querco-Fagetea class (Roo-Zielińska 2009) and xerothermic grasslands of Festuco-Brometea class (RooZielińska, 2012). This means that a total of around 380 species (of meadow, deciduous forest, xerothermic and sandy xeric grassland) have now been evaluated, though admittedly this is still only about 20% of K. Zarzycki’s list of Polish flora (Zarzycki et al., 2002). Nevertheless, the ecological spectra and tolerances found for the four groups are very different, with results obtained suggesting the need to continue with the comparative analysis of European ecological scales for groups of species characteristic of different phytosociological units/associations, with appropriate ecological indicator values for Polish flora and plant communities being found in the process.

Keywords: ekologiczne skale liczb wskaźnikowych, ubogie murawy napiaskowe, charakterystyczne gatunki roślin, środowisko fizycznogeograficzne, cechy klimatyczne, właściwości gleb

Ewa Roo-Zielińska [e.roo@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Roo-Zielińska, E. (2015). Porównanie europejskich skal ekologicznych liczb wskaźnikowych w ocenie środowiska fizycznogeograficznego na podstawie charakterystycznych gatunków roślin muraw napiaskowych z klasy Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 409-438. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.1
MLA: Roo-Zielińska, Ewa. "Porównanie europejskich skal ekologicznych liczb wskaźnikowych w ocenie środowiska fizycznogeograficznego na podstawie charakterystycznych gatunków roślin muraw napiaskowych z klasy Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 409-438. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.1
Chicago: Roo-Zielińska, Ewa. "Porównanie europejskich skal ekologicznych liczb wskaźnikowych w ocenie środowiska fizycznogeograficznego na podstawie charakterystycznych gatunków roślin muraw napiaskowych z klasy Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 409-438. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.1
Harvard: Roo-Zielińska, E. 2015. "Porównanie europejskich skal ekologicznych liczb wskaźnikowych w ocenie środowiska fizycznogeograficznego na podstawie charakterystycznych gatunków roślin muraw napiaskowych z klasy Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 409-438. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.1

Keywords: stratygrafia radarowa, georadar, architektura osadów, modele facjalne

Citation

APA: Żuk, T., & Sambrook Smith, G. (2015). Stratygrafia radarowa – metoda analizy danych georadarowych 3D w badaniu środowisk sedymentacyjnych na przykładzie osadów rzecznych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 439-456. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.2
MLA: Żuk, Tomasz, and Sambrook Smith, Gregory H.. "Stratygrafia radarowa – metoda analizy danych georadarowych 3D w badaniu środowisk sedymentacyjnych na przykładzie osadów rzecznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 439-456. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.2
Chicago: Żuk, Tomasz, and Sambrook Smith, Gregory H.. "Stratygrafia radarowa – metoda analizy danych georadarowych 3D w badaniu środowisk sedymentacyjnych na przykładzie osadów rzecznych". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 439-456. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.2
Harvard: Żuk, T., & Sambrook Smith, G. 2015. "Stratygrafia radarowa – metoda analizy danych georadarowych 3D w badaniu środowisk sedymentacyjnych na przykładzie osadów rzecznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 439-456. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.2

Keywords: Wyspa Olchon, Bajkał, osuwiska kriogeniczne, degradacja wiecznej zmarzliny, warstwa czynna, zmiany klimatu

Sebastian Tyszkowski [sebtys@wp.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Halina Kaczmarek [halina.kaczmarek@ukw.edu.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Michał Słowiński [michal.slowinski@geopan.torun.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Dariusz Brykała [darek@geopan.torun.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Citation

APA: Tyszkowski, S., Kaczmarek, H., Słowiński, M., Kozyreva, E., Brykała, D., RybČenko, A., & BabiČeva, V. (2015). Ruchy masowe na obszarze wieloletniej zmarzliny wyspowej w dobie zmian klimatu (Olchon, wschodnia Syberia)*. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 457-476. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.3
MLA: Tyszkowski, Sebastian, et al. "Ruchy masowe na obszarze wieloletniej zmarzliny wyspowej w dobie zmian klimatu (Olchon, wschodnia Syberia)*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 457-476. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.3
Chicago: Tyszkowski, Sebastian, Kaczmarek, Halina, Słowiński, Michał, Kozyreva, Elena, Brykała, Dariusz, RybČenko, Artiom, and BabiČeva, Viktoria. A.. "Ruchy masowe na obszarze wieloletniej zmarzliny wyspowej w dobie zmian klimatu (Olchon, wschodnia Syberia)*". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 457-476. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.3
Harvard: Tyszkowski, S., Kaczmarek, H., Słowiński, M., Kozyreva, E., Brykała, D., RybČenko, A., & BabiČeva, V. 2015. "Ruchy masowe na obszarze wieloletniej zmarzliny wyspowej w dobie zmian klimatu (Olchon, wschodnia Syberia)*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 457-476. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.3

Abstract This paper contains an analysis of the impact the positions of Mediterranean cyclones moving through Central and Eastern Europe (MEC – Mediterranean European Cyclones) are able to exert on the precipitation fields in Poland over the period 1958-2008. A distinction was fi rst drawn between six types of route of MECs, as well as segments of those routes, with the positions of lows associated with maximum precipitation in Poland at the time being indicated (Figs. 2-3). Daily precipitation totals associated with Mediterranean lows (i.e. MCP – Mediterranean Cyclonal Precipitation) were compared with the average precipitation abundance (i.e. the average amount of rain per rainy day) noted at meteorological stations. The quotient of these totals represents an indicator of MCP efficiency (Ie). In the Polish case, this ratio is found to have assumed values in the range between 110 and more than 300% (Fig. 5). MCP precipitation abundance greater than the average abundance for all precipitation (Ie >100%) was found to be associated with Mediterranean cyclones moving over the territory of Poland along a central route (C), or else passing to the east of the country (E route) or to the south of its borders (S route). The effective MCP associated with the central route (C) is seen to spread across the greater part of the country, excluding south-eastern regions (Fig. 7). In turn, precipitation associated with the E route extends over large areas other than in the north-west, while the precipitation associated with the S track is present close to the southern and south-eastern borders. The highest average MCP in western Poland is related to cyclones moving along the western branch of the central route (CW), while peak values for the centre and north of the country are associated with the CE route. Elsewhere in Poland, it is the easternroute (E) systems that induce maximum MCP. In some places close to the south-eastern borders, maximum MCP is caused by cyclones travelling along the southern track (S) (Fig. 6). It follows that the highest precipitation totals are recorded to the left-hand (western and northern) sides of the tracks followed, in areas where the northern and eastern components of the cyclonic circulation are dominant.

Keywords: niże śródziemnomorskie, szlaki niżów, opady, Polska

Jan Degirmendžić, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences University of Łódź Narutowicza 88, 90-139 Łódź: Poland
Krzysztof Kożuchowski [kkozuchowski1@wp.pl], Department of Environment Dynamics and Bioclimatology, University of Łódź, Lipowa 81, 90-568 Łódź, Poland

Citation

APA: Degirmendžić, J., & Kożuchowski, K. (2015). Szlaki niżów śródziemnomorskich nad Europą Środkowo-Wschodnią a opady w Polsce*. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 477-496. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.4
MLA: Degirmendžić, Jan, and Kożuchowski, Krzysztof. "Szlaki niżów śródziemnomorskich nad Europą Środkowo-Wschodnią a opady w Polsce*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 477-496. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.4
Chicago: Degirmendžić, Jan, and Kożuchowski, Krzysztof. "Szlaki niżów śródziemnomorskich nad Europą Środkowo-Wschodnią a opady w Polsce*". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 477-496. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.4
Harvard: Degirmendžić, J., & Kożuchowski, K. 2015. "Szlaki niżów śródziemnomorskich nad Europą Środkowo-Wschodnią a opady w Polsce*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 477-496. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.4

Keywords: pokrywa śnieżna, Sudety, równanie regresji, tendencje zmian, projekt "KLIMAT"

Grzegorz Urban [grzegorz.urban@imgw.pl], Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute Podleśna 61, 01-673 Warsaw: Poland

Citation

APA: Urban, G. (2015). Zaleganie pokrywy śnieżnej i jego zmienność w polskiej części Sudetów i na ich przedpolu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 497-516. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.5
MLA: Urban, Grzegorz. "Zaleganie pokrywy śnieżnej i jego zmienność w polskiej części Sudetów i na ich przedpolu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 497-516. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.5
Chicago: Urban, Grzegorz. "Zaleganie pokrywy śnieżnej i jego zmienność w polskiej części Sudetów i na ich przedpolu". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 497-516. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.5
Harvard: Urban, G. 2015. "Zaleganie pokrywy śnieżnej i jego zmienność w polskiej części Sudetów i na ich przedpolu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 497-516. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.5

Abstract In line with the classification after Brice (1975), the system of the contemporary Vistula channel may be identified as a complex anabranched (anastomosing) river system, consisting of the main channel of the braided river type with bars and islands, as well as meandering side channels separated by holms. In turn, following the views of Smith and Smith (1980), this system is in a transition phase from a braided to an anastomosing river system. The phase of transformation to an anastomosing one in the central and lower Vistula braided system could have started at the beginning of the Holocene and continued uninterrupted through to the present day (Starkel, 2001). Currently, the Vistula fluvial system changes in the vicinity of the dam on the Włocławek reservoir and is under the strong influence of the anthropogenic impact the functioning of the dam is able to exert. To analyze the effects of this transformation, we have studied changes in channel structure using a method proposed by Brice and Blodgett (1978), as modified by Szmańda and Luc (2010). Analyzing aerial photographs, we have measured the widths of channels (w), as well as the lengths (L) and widths of bars (w’) and inter-channel forms in the bottom of the valley (islands fixed by vegetation and inter-channel areas called holms). Dimensionless parameters of forms were also calculated: L/w – for length, w’/w – for width, and L/w’ for shape. Aerial photographs from the area of the two holms located in the Vistula valley – i.e. the Bógpomóż Holm (below the Reservoir) and the Wykowska Holm (above it) were our research material. These photos come in both cases from two periods, before and after the construction of the dam in Włocławek. The survey allowed the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) In the research period, the average width of the river channels below the dam has increased slightly, while above the barrier there has been a slight decrease. (2) By numbers of given forms, islands fixed by vegetation are found to be in the majority, whereas holms were more frequent in the floodplain inter-channel area. Irrespective of the type of form, most were elongated. (3) Both above and below the Reservoir, there has been a decrease in the number of (channel and valley) forms. The number of bars in the Vistula channel has decreased. The area of the inter-channel islands colonised by vegetation has increased through evolution in the direction of inter-channel and floodplain areas. As a result of the disappearance of the side arms, inter-channel areas have been absorbed by floodplains. (4) These processes have resulted in the slow preservation of the fixed multiple-channel fluvial system. We suggest calling this system an “anabranching river” as opposed to the classical anastomosing river (Smith and Smith, 1980).

Keywords: system korytowy, zmiany układu koryt, zabudowa hydrotechniczna, dolna Wisła, analiza przestrzenna

Piotr J. Gierszewski [piotr.gierszewski@geopan.torun.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Citation

APA: Gierszewski, P., Szmańda, J., & Luc, M. (2015). Zmiany układu koryt Wisły spowodowane funkcjonowaniem stopnia wodnego „Włocławek” na podstawie analizy zdjęć lotniczych*. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 517-533. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.6
MLA: Gierszewski, Piotr J., et al. "Zmiany układu koryt Wisły spowodowane funkcjonowaniem stopnia wodnego „Włocławek” na podstawie analizy zdjęć lotniczych*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 517-533. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.6
Chicago: Gierszewski, Piotr J., Szmańda, Jacek B., and Luc, Małgorzata. "Zmiany układu koryt Wisły spowodowane funkcjonowaniem stopnia wodnego „Włocławek” na podstawie analizy zdjęć lotniczych*". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 517-533. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.6
Harvard: Gierszewski, P., Szmańda, J., & Luc, M. 2015. "Zmiany układu koryt Wisły spowodowane funkcjonowaniem stopnia wodnego „Włocławek” na podstawie analizy zdjęć lotniczych*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 517-533. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.6

Abstract The work described here sought to assess land use in flood hazard areas within selected gminas (local authority areas) of Łódź voivodship. The analysis in fact encompassed 21 of the gminas, located in the catchment areas of the Warta, Pilica and Bzura and officially characterised by “high” or “very high” flood risks. A flood hazard zone is considered to coincide with the area reached by high waters 1% of the time. The term “use” is understood by S. Liszewski (1997, p. 61) as „…using something, benefiting from something in a rational way which brings as great an advantage as possible”. Consequently, almost every human activity is reflected in the land and ”…performs a clearly defi ned and diverse function” (1978, p. 17). River valleys are separate natural systems characterised by specific forms of geological structure, relief, water relations and climate, as well as fauna and flora. These are precisely those features of the environment that condition and shape forms of human activity. The type of valley development has a strong impact on valuable natural features as well as on flood protection issues. In areas with no urbanisation, the degree of conversion of natural areas relates directly to the system of land-use types. The highest degree of conversion is associated with areas of cultivation, while a more limited degree char-acterises grassland, and the lowest degree if all forest areas. The mosaic of land uses of differing intensities is associated with growing fragmentation of the river and valley environment. In turn, from the point of view of flood protection the greatest emphasis is placed on analysis of the level of investment in the areas in question, and on identifying places that face a more distinct hazard, the correct identification obviously being of key importance in ensuring proper protection (Słoneczka et al., 2008). A surge in built-up areas in flood-hazard zones tends to be associated with flooding of increased extent and frequency (Konrad, 2003). In the area under study, the highest degree of horizontal intensity of development is that characterising the three towns of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Kutno and Łowicz. In the gmina of Tomaszów Mazowiecki approximately 14% of the flood-hazard area has been developed, mainly with technical and production facilities, with the major potential losses in the event of a flood being likely along the Rivers Czarna and Piasecznica. In Kutno, the index for horizontal intensity of development for flood-hazard areas reaches 7.5%, an example that illustrates how smaller rivers offer a greater sense of security. People are more willing to build in the valleys of such rivers, with tragic consequences, given the way that the floods occurring in smaller valleys are more dynamic and harder to safeguard against. In Łowicz, the horizontal intensity index for 1% water is found to be 4.5%. The valley bottom of the Bzura is very wide here, especially in the western and eastern parts of the gmina where buildings are present (the central section of the river within the town’s administrative boundaries has an embankment). Smaller rivers, especially the Czarna, Piasecznica and Ochnia, give users a sense of security, as does a location below the Sulejowski and Jeziorsko Reservoirs. All this is leading to an intensification of land development in this area, and to an increase in potential adverse consequences in the event of flooding.

Keywords: zagospodarowanie przestrzenne, tereny zagrożone powodziami, województwo łódzkie, GIS, ryzyko powodziowe

Citation

APA: Borowska-Stefańska, M. (2015). Zagospodarowanie terenów zagrożonych powodziami w gminach województwa łódzkiego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 535-553. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.7
MLA: Borowska-Stefańska, Marta. "Zagospodarowanie terenów zagrożonych powodziami w gminach województwa łódzkiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 535-553. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.7
Chicago: Borowska-Stefańska, Marta. "Zagospodarowanie terenów zagrożonych powodziami w gminach województwa łódzkiego". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 535-553. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.7
Harvard: Borowska-Stefańska, M. 2015. "Zagospodarowanie terenów zagrożonych powodziami w gminach województwa łódzkiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 535-553. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.7

Abstract This paper offers critical comment as regards the text of the article by S. Kędzia. The main complaints are based on the fact that, in his paper, the said author does not distinguish between seasonal frost and permafrost, identifying a negative average annual temperature as permafrost, and suggesting that the presence of permafrost can be established by methods other than ground temperature measurement within at least two consecutive years, as well as that permafrost could be responsible for the movement of a relict rock glacier.

Keywords: wieloletnia zmarzlina, sezonowe przemarzanie gruntu, Tatry

Citation

APA: Dobiński, W. (2015). Komentarz do artykułu S. Kędzi pt.: Zarys historii badań przemarzania gruntu i wieloletniej zmarzliny w polskiej części Tatr*. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 555-558. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.9
MLA: Dobiński, Wojciech. "Komentarz do artykułu S. Kędzi pt.: Zarys historii badań przemarzania gruntu i wieloletniej zmarzliny w polskiej części Tatr*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 555-558. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.9
Chicago: Dobiński, Wojciech. "Komentarz do artykułu S. Kędzi pt.: Zarys historii badań przemarzania gruntu i wieloletniej zmarzliny w polskiej części Tatr*". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 555-558. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.9
Harvard: Dobiński, W. 2015. "Komentarz do artykułu S. Kędzi pt.: Zarys historii badań przemarzania gruntu i wieloletniej zmarzliny w polskiej części Tatr*". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 555-558. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.9

Keywords: wieloletnia zmarzlina, sezonowe przemarzanie gruntu, Tatry

Stanisław Kędzia [kedzia@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland

Citation

APA: Kędzia, S. (2015). Odpowiedź na krytyczne uwagi W. Dobińskiego do mojego artykułu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 87(3), 559-563. https://doi.org/
MLA: Kędzia, Stanisław. "Odpowiedź na krytyczne uwagi W. Dobińskiego do mojego artykułu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, 2015, pp. 559-563. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Kędzia, Stanisław. "Odpowiedź na krytyczne uwagi W. Dobińskiego do mojego artykułu". Przegląd Geograficzny 87, no. 3 (2015): 559-563. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Kędzia, S. 2015. "Odpowiedź na krytyczne uwagi W. Dobińskiego do mojego artykułu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 559-563. https://doi.org/