Przegląd Geograficzny (2016) tom 88, zeszyt 3

Abstract The main island of the Svalbard Archipelago, Spitsbergen, is located in the centre of the Atlantic sector of the Arctic and is exposed to an increased dynamic of change in weather conditions, the shaping of which is affected by specific synoptic situations. In the work described here, it was the impact of atmospheric circulation on cloudiness over Spitsbergen that was studied, by reference to (1983-2013) average daily values for cloudiness at the Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Lufthavn and Hornsund Meteorological Stations. The influence of atmospheric circulation was examined on the basis of a simplified Calendar of synoptic situations for Spitsbergen (Niedźwiedź, 2013), whose classification embraces 5 cyclonic, 5 anticyclonic and 1 undetermined type. The average daily values for cloudiness referred to provided the basis for further calculations of annual, monthly and seasonal values, with results then being presented in relation to the course over years and seasons, as conditioned by the amount of sunlight reaching Spitsbergen at different times of the year. The analysis thus took in the polar day, the polar night and two much shorter (spring and autumn) transition periods, which are of somewhat different lengths at the several different stations. Annual courses for the proportions of days capable of being regarded as characteristic were then described, while a final stage to the work concerned the relationship between cloudiness and the eleven aforementioned types of atmospheric circulation. Average values for sky cover with different circulation types were calculated, as were the conditional probabilities relating to the occurrence of the characteristic days. The results demonstrate that, notwithstanding environmental conditions, atmospheric circulation plays an important role in cloud formation over the whole island. However, despite the relatively short distances involved, the stations analysed were found to be characterised by significant differences where the spatial distribution of values for levels of sky cover by cloud were concerned. The causal relationship between cloudiness and respective circulation types is not as important as the direction of advection of air masses. The highest mean daily cloudiness values were reported in circulation types entailing advection from the south, i.e. Sc+SWc and Sa+SWa (relating to both cyclonic and anticyclonic types). Lowest average levels of cloudiness co-occurred under the Na+NEa and Nc+NEc circulation types. The total number of characteristic days at particular stations is also quite varied. Ny-Ålesund reports the most cloudless days (N=0%) and clear days (N<20%) during the year. The same is true of the number of completely overcast days (N=100%). The largest number of cloudy days (N>80%) characterises Hornsund, the most southerly of the stations on Spitsbergen studied. At Svalbard Lufthavn, average cloudiness during the polar night is greatest when the air flow originates in the north. The greatest variation in the distribution of cloudiness is to be observed during the polar night (at Svalbard Lufthavn and Ny-Ålesund) or in the autumn transitional period (Hornsund).

Keywords: wielkość zachmurzenia, cyrkulacja atmosferyczna, Spitsbergen, Arktyka

Oskar Lipiński, Department of Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec: Poland
Ewa Łupikasza, Department of Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

Citation

APA: Lipiński, O., & Łupikasza, E. (2016). Rola cyrkulacji atmosfery w kształtowaniu wielkości zachmurzenia ogólnego na Spitsbergenie (1983-2013). Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(3), 317-337. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.2
MLA: Lipiński, Oskar, and Łupikasza, Ewa. "Rola cyrkulacji atmosfery w kształtowaniu wielkości zachmurzenia ogólnego na Spitsbergenie (1983-2013)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, 2016, pp. 317-337. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.2
Chicago: Lipiński, Oskar, and Łupikasza, Ewa. "Rola cyrkulacji atmosfery w kształtowaniu wielkości zachmurzenia ogólnego na Spitsbergenie (1983-2013)". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 3 (2016): 317-337. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.2
Harvard: Lipiński, O., & Łupikasza, E. 2016. "Rola cyrkulacji atmosfery w kształtowaniu wielkości zachmurzenia ogólnego na Spitsbergenie (1983-2013)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 317-337. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.2

Abstract Antarctica is commonly perceived to be a continent, and so must first and foremost have a clearly defined area and borders, if it is to be called a land. The area of each such land is determined by its borders. The question of the border between land and sea has everywhere raised certain doubts, but nowhere are these as severe as in the case of the Antarctic. Being entirely covered with ice creeping down to the ocean, Antarctica has a boundary that takes the form of an ice barrier along 95% of its length, with the ice in question entering the sea to a greater or lesser extent. There is thus no unified position as to where the borders of Antarctica should be taken to lie. Rather three different positions maintain that: 1. the border is the limit of the Antarctic ice sheet bedrock protruding above the water surface – and hence an entity particularly hard to determine given the aforementioned high level of coverage by a continental glacier; 2. the boundary of the Antarctic continent can be defined as a “grounding line”, i.e. a line where the creeping ice sheet as a whole rests on the sea-bed, and is thus in no part supported by water, i.e. floating. 3. the boundary of the continent is a land border together with the ice-barrier of glaciers ending in the sea, in particular ice shelves (the Antarctic continent is also sometimes taken to include so called “fast ice”, i.e. long-term sea ice frozen to the land or ice shelves and thus remaining at a standstill). Depending on criterion for the border that is adopted, Antarctica’s area can be seen to change markedly (in comparison with other continents). The size is usually calculated at between 13.5 and 14x106km2. However, this is not the end of the problems with defining borders and area in the case of Antarctica. As a continent may be deemed a continuous (in Latin continuus) land, hence the name of continent, it forms part of the lithosphere. However, ice joins other forms of water in being classified as part of the hydrosphere, and this precludes it being recognised as a component of the lithosphere. Antarctica is therefore believed commonly to be called a continent in a manner that has no regard to glaciation. In recent years, an image of the Antarctic bedrock called Bedmap 2 has been prepared on the basis of georadar research. This shows that 5.5x106 km2 of Antarctic bedrock, or 44.7% of the entire area, is located below sea level. This means that only about half of the surface of the continent in the traditional sense can actually be recognised as land, or rather an archipelago similar to the one located in the Canadian Arctic. In nevertheless remains common for ice to be treated as a mineral and as rock in geology. On this basis, its return to the lithosphere has long been postulated, while the lack of such a change in reality has tended to cause considerable disruption in science, to the extent that even an unambiguous determination of whether Antarctica is a continent is not permitted. The concept of the ice-lithosphere is not unknown to science, given that it is commonly present on other celestial bodies of the Solar System. There is no requirement that analogies relating to knowledge in the Earth sciences should be one-way only, with the effect that the analogy based on the principle of uniformitarianism can and should be reversed: it is not the Earth, as something exceptional in space, that should be the point of reference in the understanding of the cosmos, but rather the other planets that should serve as such a reference as the Earth is explored.

Keywords: Antarktyda, granice, lód, kontynenty

Citation

APA: Dobiński, W. (2016). Klasyfikacja lodu jako podstawa do określenia granic i powierzchni Antarktydy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(3), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.3
MLA: Dobiński, Wojciech. "Klasyfikacja lodu jako podstawa do określenia granic i powierzchni Antarktydy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, 2016, pp. 339-351. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.3
Chicago: Dobiński, Wojciech. "Klasyfikacja lodu jako podstawa do określenia granic i powierzchni Antarktydy". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 3 (2016): 339-351. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.3
Harvard: Dobiński, W. 2016. "Klasyfikacja lodu jako podstawa do określenia granic i powierzchni Antarktydy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 339-351. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.3

Abstract The aim of the work detailed in this article was to describe instances of tornadoes being reported in Europe and in Poland in the years 1998-2013. According to the relevant ESSWD reports (as confirmed and fully verified), 1772 tornadoes occurred in Europe, while 102 were reported for Poland. The largest number of reports concerned Germany, while numerous cases were also observed for the south-eastern part of the British Isles. These results are consistent with previous studies. Antonescu (2016) reports that most tornado reports in European relate to the continent’s northern and central parts. In Poland, it is possible to distinguish a characteristic belt of land along which tornadoes arise most commonly. This runs north-south from the western part of Podkarpacie, through the Silesian-Cracow Upland, the Małopolska Upland and the central part of the Central Polish Lowland, to the eastern part of the South Baltic Lake District. Lorenc (2012) takes a different position over this matter, stating that tornadoes in Poland occur most frequently from the Opole area through the Małopolska region, Central Poland, The Kutno Upland and the region extending from Mazowsze through to the Suwalki region. In the analysed period, tornado reports in Europe and Poland arose most frequently in the summer months (from May through to August). This is in line with the conclusions of Taszarek and Brooks (2015). In turn, Przybylak (2007) states that the period with most tornadoes starts in June and lasts through until August. In Europe, tornadoes are seen to form most often in the afternoon, as is the case in the USA. This common trait stems from the fact that convection only starts developing in the afternoon hours, when the ground is warm enough. This warms the near-ground layer of air and upward movements are initiated. There are exceptions to this rule – morning tornadoes, or even ones occurring at night (Przybylak, 2007; Lorenc, 2012). The average number of tornado reports in Europe amounts to 118 per year, a result in line with the assumptions of Wegener from the early 20th century. However, the present figure is well below the average of some 169 per year given by Dotzek (2003). Where force is concerned, it is weak and moderate tornadoes that dominate in Europe and in Poland, i.e. those of strengths F0, F1 and F2 (on the Fujita scale). A similar situation applies to the Torro scale, with the tornadoes observed most frequently being at the beginning of the scale, i.e. T0, T1 and T2. Poland and Europe experience tornadoes of strength T3 (in 11% of cases in Europe as whole, and 10% where Poland is concerned). In Europe there is a prevalence of tornadoes of path width not exceeding 100m, while the situates observed most frequently are ones in which tornadoes make their landfall and then trek south-west or west (in Poland mostly the south-west direction). Lowlands represent the form of topography most favourable to the occurrence of tornadoes.

Keywords: trąby powietrzne, Europa, Polska, skala Fujity, skala Torro, ukształtowanie powierzchni terenu

Citation

APA: Wieczorek, L. (2016). Zmienność czasowo-przestrzenna występowania trąb powietrznych w Europie i w Polsce w latach 1998-2013. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(3), 353-368. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.4
MLA: Wieczorek, Luiza. "Zmienność czasowo-przestrzenna występowania trąb powietrznych w Europie i w Polsce w latach 1998-2013". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, 2016, pp. 353-368. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.4
Chicago: Wieczorek, Luiza. "Zmienność czasowo-przestrzenna występowania trąb powietrznych w Europie i w Polsce w latach 1998-2013". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 3 (2016): 353-368. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.4
Harvard: Wieczorek, L. 2016. "Zmienność czasowo-przestrzenna występowania trąb powietrznych w Europie i w Polsce w latach 1998-2013". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 353-368. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.4

Abstract The assessment of climatic as well as bioclimatic conditions should consist of the analysis of a set of meteorological elements which provides information on current weather conditions. Such an analysis of weather conditions allows for determination of the influence of the whole set of meteorological elements on the human body, in particular when the bioclimatic indices are calculated on the basis of the human heat balance. The paper concerns the assessment of weather conditions in central-western Poland in terms of tourism and recreation, made with the use of biothermal-meteorological weather classification including weather types, subtypes and classes. The calculations were made on the basis of meteorological data of second measurement date (12 UTC) in the period 1971-2006. In the analysed period, there were from 112 (Gorzów Wlkp.) to 130 (Słubice, Koło) types of weather recorded. Among all determined weather types, the 20 which were most commonly observed determined the weather conditions on more than 80% of days in a year. On the basis of the adopted bio-thermal-and-meterorological classification, a seasonal regularity of weather conditions occurrence was shown. The conducted analyses have shown that the highest variety of weather conditions was observed in summer, followed closely by spring and autumn, and the least in winter. The periods of different suitability for the selected forms of recreations, as identified with the use of WEI index, can be useful for planning and optimal spending of one’s leisure time outdoors on the area of central-western Poland. Two periods most favourable for sunbathing were identified i.e., from the second decade of April to the first decade of June, and from the first decade of August to the end of the fi rst decade of October. The most favourable conditions for air bathing occurred in Poznań, and the worst in Zielona Góra and Leszno, where the favourable conditions were found only in the first and second decade of May. The analysis of weather conditions showed that in the case of air bathing (AR), the favourable conditions were found from the beginning of the third decade of April to the first decade of October on most of the analysed area, and in Poznań and Słubice till the second decade of October. As for moderate recreation, favourable weather conditions were identified on 74% of days in a year with the maximum in April and October. In the case of active reaction, conditions identified on the basis of the index as favourable or very favourable occurred throughout the year.

Keywords: bioklimat, Polska Środkowo-Zachodnia, typy pogody, warunki biotermiczne, wskaźnik oceny pogody

Agnieszka Mąkosza [agnieszka.makosza@zut.edu.pl]

Citation

APA: Mąkosza, A. (2016). Zastosowanie biometeorologicznej klasyfikacji warunków pogodowych w rekreacji i turystyce w Polsce środkowo-zachodniej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(3), 369-382. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.5
MLA: Mąkosza, Agnieszka. "Zastosowanie biometeorologicznej klasyfikacji warunków pogodowych w rekreacji i turystyce w Polsce środkowo-zachodniej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, 2016, pp. 369-382. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.5
Chicago: Mąkosza, Agnieszka. "Zastosowanie biometeorologicznej klasyfikacji warunków pogodowych w rekreacji i turystyce w Polsce środkowo-zachodniej". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 3 (2016): 369-382. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.5
Harvard: Mąkosza, A. 2016. "Zastosowanie biometeorologicznej klasyfikacji warunków pogodowych w rekreacji i turystyce w Polsce środkowo-zachodniej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 369-382. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.5

Abstract In the 2002-2015 period, 15 lakes of Poland’s Pomeranian, Masurian and Wielkopolska Lakelands were characterised in terms of multiannual mean, monthly, and daily maximum and minimum values for water surface temperature. The relevant calculations were based on data provided by the PISHM Bulletin of the National Hydrological and Meteorological Service, as published by Poland’s Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Determined for each individual lake were the average dates of the beginning and end of the bathing season (and hence duration), in relation to water temperatures of 15°, 18° and 20°C. Relationships involving monthly water and air temperatures, as well as mean depths of lakes, were also analysed. From May through to mid-March of a following year, the mean monthly water temperature in lakes is higher than mean monthly air temperature by 1.0–2.0°C. Water and air temperatures are comparable at other times. Variation in monthly values for water temperature and the length of the bathing season in selected lakes of the Pomeranian Lakeland was also analysed. In most of the lakes under study, water temperatures in the warmest month ranged between 21.0° and 22.0°C, which is higher than air temperature by approximately 2.0°C. In summer (June–August), the greatest variations in water temperature occur in July, the most limited in August – as is exemplified by Lakes Komorze and Sławskie. Moreover, August temperatures are characterised by a significant upward trend through the 2002-2015 period. From among the three morphometric features of lakes considered (i.e. area, volume and depth), it was mean depth that displayed the most significant relationship with water temperature in the warm half-year, and especially in April and May. From February through to September, and sometimes October, mean monthly values for water temperature along the Baltic coast are lower than those recorded in lakes of the Pomeranian Lakeland, particularly in May and June – on average by between 3.1 and 4.4°C. In the remaining period of each year, water temperature in the Baltic Sea is higher than in the lakes by between 0.5 and approximately 1.0°C. Across the Lakeland area, in directions from southwest through to northeast, or from south to north, the length of the bathing season generally decreases. However, different morphometric features of given lakes may be associated with significant variations in the lengths of the bathing season, even between lakes in close proximity to one another (like Lakes Jasień and Raduńskie Górne). In most lakes of the three Lakelands, the average length of the potential bathing season with water temperature 15°C is approximately 120 to 145 days. In turn, the seasons with temperatures 18°C or 20°C last respectively 76-100 and 50-70 days. From the thermal point of view, the most favourable bathing conditions in the Lakelands characterise the Lubuskie Lakeland and the southwest region of the Pomeranian and Masurian Lakelands. The least favourable conditions are those noted in the Kaszubskie and Suwalskie Lakelands.

Keywords: jeziora, temperatura wód, pojezierza, sezon kąpielowy, rozkład czasowy i przestrzenny

Citation

APA: Koźmiński, C., & Michalska, B. (2016). Ocena temperatury wody w jeziorach i długości sezonu kąpielowego na pojezierzach w Polsce. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(3), 383-400. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.6
MLA: Koźmiński, Czesław, and Michalska, Bożena. "Ocena temperatury wody w jeziorach i długości sezonu kąpielowego na pojezierzach w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, 2016, pp. 383-400. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.6
Chicago: Koźmiński, Czesław, and Michalska, Bożena. "Ocena temperatury wody w jeziorach i długości sezonu kąpielowego na pojezierzach w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 3 (2016): 383-400. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.6
Harvard: Koźmiński, C., & Michalska, B. 2016. "Ocena temperatury wody w jeziorach i długości sezonu kąpielowego na pojezierzach w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 383-400. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.6

Abstract While 70 forms created by debris flows have been mapped for the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mountains, only 14 of these have a known time of origin and have been described in available literature. The oldest registered and described flows occurred in 1964, as followed by further events in 1994, 1997, 2001, 2002 and 2006. In 2011-2012 and 2014. Lichenometric measurements were carried out for the forms created by debris flows in the Karkonosze Mountains, i.e. the Great Snowy Cirque, the Black Cirque of Jagniątków, the Small Tarn Cirque, the Łomniczka Cirque and the White Jar nivation niche, in order to investigate levels of activity over the past 150 years. The lichenometric dating was based around lichens of the Rhizocarpon group. A major obstacle proved to be the limited amounts of lichens, or even their total absence in the case of the youngest forms created by debris flows. An exception was the Łomniczka Cirque. On the basis of the lichenometric dating it proved possible to identify three phases to the activity of Karkonosze debris flows. The first of these was characterised by a high intensity of the processes studied, and was associated with the Little Ice Age. As in the Tatra Mountains, this phase was seen to end in the 1920s, and was followed by a period of relative calm, interspersed with a small number of debris flows in the 1930s and 40s, and then in 1964. The next phase of increased activity as regards the transport of rock material within the forms created by flows (and including new debris flows), began in the 1980s, and has continued through to the present day. The debris flows in the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mountains are thus characterised by a course of activity similar to that noted in the Tatra Mountains.

Keywords: cyrki polodowcowe, spływy gruzowe, datowania lichenometryczne, Karkonosze

Stanisław Kędzia [kedzia@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland

Citation

APA: Kędzia, S., & Parzóch, K. (2016). Aktywność spływów gruzowych w polskiej części Karkonoszy w świetle badań lichenometrycznych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 88(3), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.0
MLA: Kędzia, Stanisław, and Parzóch, Krzysztof. "Aktywność spływów gruzowych w polskiej części Karkonoszy w świetle badań lichenometrycznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, 2016, pp. 401-416. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.0
Chicago: Kędzia, Stanisław, and Parzóch, Krzysztof. "Aktywność spływów gruzowych w polskiej części Karkonoszy w świetle badań lichenometrycznych". Przegląd Geograficzny 88, no. 3 (2016): 401-416. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.0
Harvard: Kędzia, S., & Parzóch, K. 2016. "Aktywność spływów gruzowych w polskiej części Karkonoszy w świetle badań lichenometrycznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 401-416. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.0