Przegląd Geograficzny (2017) tom 89, zeszyt 2

Abstract Graph theory was used to present the connectivity and regionalisation of Poland’s network of urban settlement in 1931, 1950 and 2002. The vertices show towns and cities (as points), while the edges reflect distances between such urban centres, where these are located no further than 25 km apart. Simple graphs were used, and advantage taken of the properties of connected and disconnected (cohesive or non-cohesive) graphs, with graph connectivity studied to assess persistence in the settlement network. A connected graph may become disconnected when one vertex is removed, and in the context of the urban settlement network this denotes a town or city losing its rights and becoming part of the set of rural settlements. Conversely, a disconnected graph becomes connected when a new town or city in the network is founded. An important issue here is determination of the degree to which a connected graph can be regarded as connected. This is achieved by considering the number of edges needing to be removed from a graph before disconnection takes place. Such aspects of connectivity of the urban settlement network, as well as the forms it assumed in 1931, 1950 and 2002, have been presented against the backdrop of historical circumstances. Furthermore, urban settlement networks were considered regional if they could be represented by biconnected graphs. In fact, it was possible to distinguish several sub-graphs present at the beginning of the 21st century and representing permanent urban settlement networks (Fig. 8). These were the urban networks of the Wielkopolska region, as well as Lower Silesia, Kujawy, Upper Silesia, the Cracow agglomeration, Gdansk Pomerania and Western Pomerania, as well as Warmia and Mazury. Smaller and younger regions also represented by biconnected graphs included the agglomerations of Warsaw, Łódź, Białystok and Rzeszów, as well as the towns of the Świętokrzyskie, Lublin, Zamość, Lubuskie and Wolin regions.Thanks to analysis utilising graph theory, it was possible to note that the oldest regional urban settlement network (Silesia, Wielkopolska, Western Pomerania, Warmia and Mazury) takes the form of multiple circles. Most connected full graphs can be found in “young” towns and cities in Upper Silesia, the Dąbrowa Basin and, partially, the Warsaw agglomeration. The modern shape of urban settlement networks is influenced by railways, as can be seen in the cases of Warsaw and the Rzeszów agglomeration, as well as the Świętokrzyskie, Łódź and Białystok regions. After 1945, the connection of the urban settlement network of the so-called Regained Territories with the urban areas of Wielkopolska, Kujawy and other regions still separated by a state border as of 1931 may indicate the existence of a supranational region before World War II. Thanks to the functions provided by GIS tools and, in particular, the utilisation of additional layers with rivers and historical borders in graph analyses, the interpretation of graph connectivity was able to take into account the historical aspect.

Keywords: miejska sieć osadnicza, teoria grafów, Polska, GIS (System Informacji Geograficznej)

Iwona Jażdżewska, University of Łódź Faculty of Geographical Sciences Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź: Poland

Citation

APA: Jażdżewska, I. (2017). Spójność i regionalizacja miejskiej sieci osadniczej w Polsce w świetle teorii grafów. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.2
MLA: Jażdżewska, Iwona. "Spójność i regionalizacja miejskiej sieci osadniczej w Polsce w świetle teorii grafów". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, 2017, pp. 213-231. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.2
Chicago: Jażdżewska, Iwona. "Spójność i regionalizacja miejskiej sieci osadniczej w Polsce w świetle teorii grafów". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 2 (2017): 213-231. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.2
Harvard: Jażdżewska, I. 2017. "Spójność i regionalizacja miejskiej sieci osadniczej w Polsce w świetle teorii grafów". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 213-231. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.2

Keywords: prywatyzacja, deregulacja, przewoźnicy drogowi, PKS, CSAD, SAD, NAD, Volan, Grupa Wyszehradzka, geografia przedsiębiorstw

Zbigniew Taylor [z.taylor@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Ariel Ciechański [ariel@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Taylor, Z., & Ciechański, A. (2017). Narodowi przewoźnicy drogowi w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej – część II. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(2), 233-267. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.3
MLA: Taylor, Zbigniew, and Ciechański, Ariel. "Narodowi przewoźnicy drogowi w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej – część II". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, 2017, pp. 233-267. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.3
Chicago: Taylor, Zbigniew, and Ciechański, Ariel. "Narodowi przewoźnicy drogowi w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej – część II". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 2 (2017): 233-267. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.3
Harvard: Taylor, Z., & Ciechański, A. 2017. "Narodowi przewoźnicy drogowi w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej – część II". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 233-267. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.3

Abstract Taking into account foreign trade in goods the process of internationalization of the Polish economy has been uneven not only within the scope of foreign trade operators and its product and geographical structure, but also within the territorial perspective across the country. During the period after 1990, the basic structures of the “export space” of Poland were transformed. At the same time, these structures remained, to some extent, embedded in a centrally planned economy, especially in the industrialization processes that have been taking place since the World War II. The aim of the paper is identification and delimitation of areas of export concentration (AEC) as well as to provide for more systematic information on the changes taking place in the export space of the country resulted from the competitiveness and economic power of local economies. The obtained results were related to the general changes in the the country’s spatial structure, including basic theoretical concepts and strategic documents. AEC shall be considered as a contiguous geographical area with the above-average importance of exports for the local economy, determined by several conditions: (a) exports per capita of the LAU 1 unit is higher than the national average; (b) exports in relation to sold industrial output in the LAU 1 unit is higher than the national average; (c) total exports of AEC exceeds 1% of total exports from Poland; (d) AEC respects the principle of territorial continuity. These conditions were applied for the years: 1995 (the period immediately after the economic transition), 1997 (the period of locating foreign investments in the country), 2000 (the period after the crisis in the Eastern markets), 2005 (at the start of the full integration of Poland into the European Union), 2007 (the period of favourable exports performance resulted from the accession to the EU), 2009 (the first wave of economic crisis) and 2013 (the present years). The primary unit of study is the county (LAU 1). The analysis was conducted in US dollars (USD) based on materials from EXTRA- and INTRASTAT systems. The spatial structures of units considered as AEC in the analysed years is a synthetic picture of exports space of Poland. It may be assumed that it creates a polygon with vertices constituting the “poles of the global economy”, which are: Warsaw, Rzeszów, Cracow, Upper Silesian conurbation, Wroclaw, Słubice and Gdańsk. At the same time, in Western Poland, a zone with strong international relations is becoming increasingly apparent, it covers a large part of the LAU 1 units of the provinces of wielkopolskie, dolnośląskie and lubuskie voivodeships. Spatial structures related to industrialization processes taking place during the period of centrally planned economy proved to be quite stable. Despite the shift in the main exports centres from the south of Poland to the west, the observed changes were not spectacular. In favourable economic conditions, there was a deglomeration of exports, but these changes were not of a lasting nature. During the crisis period we observed a regression, which excluded the emergence of new sustainable AEC, among others. in the east of Poland. Thus the changes anticipated during the initial phase of the transformation in the spatial structure of the country were probably premature. The changes observed during this period reflected the fluctuations associated with the transformation process itself. Regardless of the stability of the general spatial structure, the dynamics of the emergence (as well as the “collapse”) of AEC is a good measure of the transformation of individual centres and industrial districts of Poland after 1989. There has been confirmed such processes as: economic contraction of Łódź, relative decrease in the role of the Upper Silesian conurbation, gradual replacement of Poznań by Wrocław as the country’s second most important economic pole.

Keywords: obszary koncentracji eksportu, eksport regionalny, Polska

Tomasz Komornicki [t.komorn@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland
Barbara Szejgiec-Kolenda [b.szejgiec@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Komornicki, T., & Szejgiec-Kolenda, B. (2017). Przekształcenia przestrzennego rozmieszczenia obszarów koncentracji eksportu w Polsce. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(2), 269-289. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.4
MLA: Komornicki, Tomasz, and Szejgiec-Kolenda, Barbara. "Przekształcenia przestrzennego rozmieszczenia obszarów koncentracji eksportu w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, 2017, pp. 269-289. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.4
Chicago: Komornicki, Tomasz, and Szejgiec-Kolenda, Barbara. "Przekształcenia przestrzennego rozmieszczenia obszarów koncentracji eksportu w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 2 (2017): 269-289. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.4
Harvard: Komornicki, T., & Szejgiec-Kolenda, B. 2017. "Przekształcenia przestrzennego rozmieszczenia obszarów koncentracji eksportu w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 269-289. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.4

Abstract It has been found that an increasing number of road accidents depends on an increasing number of vehicles, but this shouldn’t be seen as a rule. The likelihood of collisions and fatal accidents also increases in the unit zones where the density of the road network is higher. Functional factors resulting from the trading zones where many people work have a huge impact on the number effects and spatial distribution of the road accidents the city. The purpose of this article is to identify the directions of spatial distribution and determine the level of concentration of road accidents in Cracow. The author also aimed to discover how the functional factors affect the spatial distribution of road accidents in a big city. In this paper the database ZIKiT’s (The Management of Municipal Infrastructure and Transport in Krakow) was used. In the database date of traffic events is stored. This database contains 159 536 collisions and fatal accidents which occurred in Cracow in the years 1997-2010 according to 141 urban units. Fatal accidents are traffic events in which at least one person was injured. Other events were classified as collisions. The geocoding process and mapping calculations were carried out by means of ArcGIS10 software and are based on the administrative division of Cracow. A strong relationship has been found between the number of road accidents and the number of population and the number of people employed in total. Collisions show a little stronger correlation with the location where people work. The number of road accidents show a lower correlation with the density of the road network. As noted in other studies the number of road accidents increases in areas with a higher density of the road network. However, it turned out that the density of the road network in Cracow isn’t a primary factor in this matter, but it is important in case of victims, of personal injury accidents. The largest concentration of road accidents can be observed in areas with a lot of shops, department stores and big service centers. Large housing estates, where a lot of people live, are classified as the most dangerous places with respect to the absolute number of road accidents. The proportion of road accidents changed in Cracow in the last years. There is a reduction in their number in the city center and in large housing estates. The further the distance from the city center, the lower the number of road accidents. At the same time, the percentage of fatal accidents is bigger”. The number of the road accidents increases on the outskirts of the city.

Keywords: Kraków, geokodowanie, rozmieszczenie przestrzenne, zdarzenia drogowe, strefy funkcjonalne

Citation

APA: Płatkiewicz, K. (2017). Przestrzenne rozmieszczenie zdarzeń drogowych w Krakowie. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(2), 291-317. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.5
MLA: Płatkiewicz, Krzysztof. "Przestrzenne rozmieszczenie zdarzeń drogowych w Krakowie". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, 2017, pp. 291-317. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.5
Chicago: Płatkiewicz, Krzysztof. "Przestrzenne rozmieszczenie zdarzeń drogowych w Krakowie". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 2 (2017): 291-317. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.5
Harvard: Płatkiewicz, K. 2017. "Przestrzenne rozmieszczenie zdarzeń drogowych w Krakowie". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 291-317. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.5

Abstract This article presents the political and geopolitical views of Tomas Masaryk, who was not only an outstanding statesman, the founder of the Czechoslovak state and its fourterm President, but also a prominent scholar. He dealt mainly with philosophy, and his work in this domain is commonly known. On the other hand, his achievements in geopolitics have much less attention paid to them by the respective literature. This article thus recalls this thrust to Masaryk’s work, and also provides an interpretation thereof. As Masaryk’s creative output on geopolitical issues is quite ample, the issues touched upon in the article only constitute a selection, based primarily on the criterion of importance from the geographical point of view. The first of these issues is associated with the concept of Masaryk’s so-called “Czechoslovakism”. He was of the opinion that Czechs and Slovaks are essentially a single nation, with the only slight difference relating to the shape of the literary language. He was thus convinced that these peoples ought to live in one state, a concept gaining positive implementation after World War I. Another subject selected by the author is the territorial programme elaborated by Masaryk for the Czechoslovak state. His postulates considered at the Peace Conference in Paris are recalled and made subject to further analysis in this paper. A subsequent part deals with the work of Masaryk in the theoretical domain, vis-à-vis his interest in the emergence of states and development of nations, as well the relationship between the two. In turn, most clearly geographical in character are his considerations regarding Central Europe and the place of Czechoslovakia therein – issues also taken up in this article, in which a final part sees Masaryk’s attitude to Poland and Poles also commented upon.

Keywords: Tomasz Masaryk, Czechosłowacja, geopolityka

Piotr Eberhardt [p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Eberhardt, P. (2017). Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(2), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, 2017, pp. 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 2 (2017): 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2017. "Poglądy geopolityczne Tomasza Masaryka". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 319-338. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.2.6