Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 4

Abstract

This article offers assumptions and results relating to six projection variants of demographic forecasting (scenario analysis of population change) elaborated for Warsaw City Hall (Śleszyński et al., 2019). The analysis was based on the population size estimated by reference to telemetry calculations obtained from the Orange Polska telephone company. It revealed that the so‑called ‘night population’ size is larger by 213,000 than the registered population size of the Polish capital (see details in Śleszyński and Niedzielski, 2018). Estimates were made for the 18 districts of Warsaw in one‑year intervals for the 2018‑2050 period, according to six variant scenarios (continuation, suburbanisation, concentration, polarisation, ‘low’ immigration and ‘high’ immigration). The scenarios were predominately differentiated in terms of internal and international migration levels, and was inter alia conditioned by the socio‑economic development model for Poland and the spatial policy pursued in the Warsaw Metropolitan Area.

Based on the respective variant, the population estimates for the city as a whole in 2030 range from 1,980,000 to 2,132,000, as compared with 1,785‑2,249,000 in 2050. The most important conclusion, which implies practical solutions is related to the finding that till 2050 there is no basis to anticipate a stronger population growth in Warsaw. This reflects both the exhaustion of traditional source regions for migrants and the fertility rates in the city, which remain low in real terms (insufficient to ensure straightforward replacement of generations), even if they are relatively high by the standards of Polish cities in general. Only a distinct intensification of immigration and a parallel inflow of migrants from other regions of Poland and abroad, would lead to a population growth of the city.

The most probable variant is that of continuation, as it reflects the inertia among the key factors. This would at first denote an increase in population to 2,044,000 in 2028, followed by a slow decline (in 2040 – 2,005,000, in 2050 – 1,929,000). The ageing of the population and a marked increase in post‑working age population are both inevitable. By 2050, the population in this category will most probably account for more than 25% of the total for Warsaw (as compared with around 18 per cent currently). It is predicted that the downtown districts (especially Śródmieście and Praga Północ) will witness declines in the number of inhabitants, even as the so‑called ‘developing’ parts of the city (like Białołęka, Wilanów or Ursus) continue to increase, while other external districts like Ursynów will move over to population stagnation.

The main factor determining the condition and structure of Warsaw’s population will thus be migration, predominately including internal and international immigration. Both correlate closely with Poland’s socio‑economic situation, including changes on the labour market. In the future, the most important factor determining mobility will be the absolute decrease in migration resources in the capital’s main basin. At the same time, the expected supply gap on the labour market (2‑7 million people nationally by 2050) will result in competition for employees between urban centres at a much greater level than at present. In the case of Warsaw this may result in an intensification of three complementary processes, i.e. increased internal drainage, foreign immigration and commuting to work.

There are several reasons why stagnation or population decline will pose no threat to Warsaw. Firstly, the capital ‘operates’ as a functional area, together with its suburban zone, for which (irrespective of the variant) at least weak population growth should be expected till 2050, with a rather favourable age structure still maintained. Secondly, the future development of the capital city depends less on its population size, and more on the quality of human capital, including the size of the so‑called ‘creative class’, i.e. the entrepreneurial, hardworking, creative people who are able to both meet the high requirements of an ambitious labour market and create a kind of ‘added value’ in the form of innovation (scientific, technical, organizational, etc.), as well as high quality cultural products. The typical demographic burden parameters associated with the ratio of people of non‑productive to productive age are also less important than the latter factor. While population loss in a city as large as Warsaw does not constitute a social problem, the occurrence and increase of social inequalities is a major one.

Keywords: demographic forecast, scenarios of demographic development, social and economic polarization, Warsaw, Poland

Przemysław Śleszyński [psleszyn@twarda.pan.pl], Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. S. Leszczyckiego PAN
Łukasz Kubiak [lukaszsebastiankubiak@gmail.com], Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN
Ewa Korcelli-Olejniczak [eko@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland

Citation

APA: Śleszyński, P., Kubiak, �., & Korcelli-Olejniczak, E. (2020). Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(4), 475-497. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.2
MLA: Śleszyński, Przemysław, et al. "Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 475-497. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.2
Chicago: Śleszyński, Przemysław, Kubiak, Łukasz, and Korcelli-Olejniczak, Ewa. "Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 475-497. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.2
Harvard: Śleszyński, P., Kubiak, �., & Korcelli-Olejniczak, E. 2020. "Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 475-497. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.2

Abstract

The primary aim of the study was to identify the process of territorial expansion and spatial development in large cities of Poland exemplified by Wrocław, Warsaw and Cracow. This denoted the gathering of information on changes in administrative boundaries as well as population in the cities referred to – from the 13th century all the way through to modern times. The research hypothesis adopted was that cities expand their territories gradually, with each extension of administrative boundaries following a specific pattern and reflecting social and economic growth. The territorial development of a city (territorial change) thus relates to growth (change) in the administrative area, often in the form of expansion in relation to a widening of administrative boundaries, but with narrowing also possible. The spatial development of the city in turn follows the development of urbanised (especially built-up) areas both within the boundaries – and in the immediate vicinity – of the given city (with the development of suburban areas taking place). The latter does not usually result in a change of administrative boundaries. The study was inspired by observations on the specific nature of territorial growth in Wrocław and other large cities in Poland, for which analysis revealed some regularities to the settlement processes during different historical periods. Firstly, changes in the administrative boundaries of large cities followed a pulsatile pattern, with consecutive modifications alternating with periods of stability of variable length. Secondly, the territorial expansion of a city usually came after a period of dynamic social and economic growth both within existing boundaries and in the surrounding zone connected closely with the city and transformed under its influence. In turn, most longer periods in which boundaries were stable corresponded to periods of social and economic stagnation in the given city. Thirdly, the boundaries of cities changed when a certain climax point of population density was exceeded, and the city could no longer grow within its existing boundaries. Each extension contributed to an increase in the administered area and to population growth, albeit with population density decreasing considerably – in statistical terms – given the incorporation of new, less-urbanised areas offering free (potential) land for further urban growth. Fourthly, the sequence of development processes and their specific repeatability are cyclical in nature, and consecutive cycles are seen to end successive stages involving the extension of cities’ administrative boundaries. A single cycle of changes in the administrative boundaries of the city consists of five basic phases. Phase I is the initial phase, which takes place at the moment of foundation of a city, or in the case of subsequent cycles – when there is extension of the city limits. During phase II the number of residents and population density within the city borders increase as a result of socio-economic growth. During phase III population density within the city boundaries continues to increase, and after reaching the limit of its growth potential the city sprawls to the nearest neighbourhood. During phase IV the impact of the city on its neighbourhood stimulates further development of the suburbs. This process may also often encompass suburban villages or smaller towns strongly connected with the city. During phase V the functional link between the city and its neighbourhood (suburbs) is so strong that the administrative boundaries are extended to include suburban areas that represent a natural extension of the city. This contributes to an increase in area and population growth, as well as to a major decrease in population density within the new boundaries. This phase is at the same time the initial phase for the next cycle of a city’s spatial and territorial development. The above described cyclical pattern of territorial growth concerns a specific group of cities – monocentric regional centres developing as a result of the influence of centripetal forces in the physicalism and functional approach. The presented research also reveals that the territorial development of a city is not always consistent with the actual directions of its spatial development. Significant extension of administrative boundaries was typical in the 20th c. in large cities of Poland and other CEECs, and particularly common in the era of their centrally-planned economies, with a focus on planned urbanisation and industrialisation. Currently, cities in this region have entered a phase of dynamic suburbanisation that contributes to the significant development of urban areas, especially around large cities.

Keywords: erritorial expansion, spatial development, development cycle, large cities

Robert Szmytkie [robert.szmytkie@uwr.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego

Citation

APA: Szmytkie, R. (2020). Rozrost terytorialny dużych miast w Polsce. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(4), 499-520. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.3
MLA: Szmytkie, Robert. "Rozrost terytorialny dużych miast w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 499-520. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.3
Chicago: Szmytkie, Robert. "Rozrost terytorialny dużych miast w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 499-520. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.3
Harvard: Szmytkie, R. 2020. "Rozrost terytorialny dużych miast w Polsce". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 499-520. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.3

Abstract

This article of a theoretical and conceptual nature seeks to indicate possibilities for the dualisms applied in sociology to gain incorporation into the conceptualisation and operationalisation of the research on socio-economic development that geographers pursue. These dualisms should prove useful in explaining the mechanisms of social change as the driving force behind development. The article emphasises the role of structure and agency in explaining development mechanisms, proposes the pursuit of research at several levels simultaneously in line with sociology’s methodological dualisms, and also supplies examples of dichotomous categorisations and social structures that help with the understanding of development mechanisms. The incorporation of sociological dualisms into geographical considerations of development can bring new perspective to the design of research, triangulation (combining different methods of analysis) and conclusion-drawing. The result will be a readier challenge of geographers’ propensity to formulate deterministic dependences and perceive development factors as fully controlled.

Keywords: dualism, sociology, levels of analysis, socio-economic development, dichotomous categorisations

Dorota Mantey [d.mantey@uw.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych

Citation

APA: Mantey, D. (2020). Socjologiczne dualizmy z perspektywy badań nad rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(4), 521-542. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.4
MLA: Mantey, Dorota. "Socjologiczne dualizmy z perspektywy badań nad rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 521-542. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.4
Chicago: Mantey, Dorota. "Socjologiczne dualizmy z perspektywy badań nad rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 521-542. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.4
Harvard: Mantey, D. 2020. "Socjologiczne dualizmy z perspektywy badań nad rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 521-542. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.4

Abstract

The paper is the result of a review of contemporary scientific literature on local‑community participation in spatial planning. The aim of the review has been to determine those concepts which constitute the theoretical basis for studies, the areas in which the participation of a local community in planning is being examined, and the methods of involving inhabitants gaining most frequent description in the literature. The review included 96 relevant scientific articles from 2010‑2019 that are available in the Web of Science data-base. In practice, this literature is found to feature marked diversity when it comes to the ways in which community participation in planning is embedded theoretically. While the underpinning concepts derive mainly from the socio‑political sciences, management, ecology or human geography are also represented, and reference is often made to the concept of deliberation and collaboration, as connected with the theory of communicative action. Note should also be taken of the importance of knowledge (especially lay knowledge) and learning as relatively new key concepts in the literature regarding social aspects of spatial planning.

The said literature focuses on the search for new ways in which residents can be activated as regards planning, as well as ways in which they can be tested. There is therefore a prevalence of works that detail innovative initiatives by which inhabitants’ views on the space in which they function can be gained. Little attention is paid to translating the opinion and knowledge obtained from the community into planning decisions – this being an issue that researchers either ignore or treat very vaguely. This is then a significant gap in the output under analysis.

The analysed works present local‑community involvement in planning, mainly in urbanised areas, but also in valuable natural areas, including forests, wetlands, rivers, etc. Relatively little attention is paid to social participation in the planning of villages and small towns outside large agglomerations. It is surprising that there is very little work on grassroots community initiatives aimed at the local‑level planning of space.

The use of modern technologies in gauging society’s opinions and knowledge on space is what proves dominant where methodological scope is concerned. There is wide discussion of the possibilities and advantages inherent in methodology based on PPGIS and VGI.

Keywords: local community, spatial planning, public participation, literature review

Maria Bednarek-Szczepańska [bednarek@twarda.pan.pl], Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. S. Leszczyckiego PAN

Citation

APA: Bednarek-Szczepańska, M. (2020). Współczesne podejścia do uczestnictwa społeczności lokalnej w planowaniu przestrzeni w literaturze naukowej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(4), 543-567. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.5
MLA: Bednarek-Szczepańska, Maria. "Współczesne podejścia do uczestnictwa społeczności lokalnej w planowaniu przestrzeni w literaturze naukowej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 543-567. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.5
Chicago: Bednarek-Szczepańska, Maria. "Współczesne podejścia do uczestnictwa społeczności lokalnej w planowaniu przestrzeni w literaturze naukowej". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 543-567. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.5
Harvard: Bednarek-Szczepańska, M. 2020. "Współczesne podejścia do uczestnictwa społeczności lokalnej w planowaniu przestrzeni w literaturze naukowej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 543-567. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.5

Abstract

The review conducted in this paper provides for closer identification of social, psychological and economic determinants of effectiveness where environmental-protection instruments are concerned. It further supplies conclusions as to which of these instruments may prove most effective. Reference to research achievements in social psychology and behavioural economics sustains the idea that so-called “choice architecture” may enhance the effectiveness of local-government units’ environmental protection instruments. Analysis further sustains the conclusion that – on account of the psychological impact – efforts to specify  environmental costs in money terms yield better results than the (verbal or written) discussion of these costs as left unquantified. Beyond that, analysis of relevant literature points to best results being achieved where instruments translate into costs incurred individually, as well as perceived benefits. Adaptation of different instruments to different societal targets renders environmental policy more effective, providing that people are left aware of the fact that other members of their community behave in a similar way. The integration of environmental policy with other sectoral policies (e.g. spatial or health policy) offers another means of raising effectiveness. Finally, environment policy should be based on a culture of participation and consensus-building between the often-conflicting interests of municipal stakeholders, and supported by frequent and legible public-communication campaigns.

Keywords: environmental protection, behavioural economics, choice architecture

Mariusz E. Sokołowicz [mariusz.sokolowicz@uni.lodz.pl], Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny

Citation

APA: Sokołowicz, M. (2020). Siła przekonywania – wykorzystanie ekonomii behawioralnej i architektury wyboru w działaniach na rzecz ochrony środowiska w samorządach. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(4), 569-589. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.6
MLA: Sokołowicz, Mariusz E.. "Siła przekonywania – wykorzystanie ekonomii behawioralnej i architektury wyboru w działaniach na rzecz ochrony środowiska w samorządach". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 569-589. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.6
Chicago: Sokołowicz, Mariusz E.. "Siła przekonywania – wykorzystanie ekonomii behawioralnej i architektury wyboru w działaniach na rzecz ochrony środowiska w samorządach". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 569-589. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.6
Harvard: Sokołowicz, M. 2020. "Siła przekonywania – wykorzystanie ekonomii behawioralnej i architektury wyboru w działaniach na rzecz ochrony środowiska w samorządach". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 569-589. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.6

Abstract

The article attempts to present dilemmas related to shaping metropolitan policy in Canada, and then relate them to problems occurring in Poland. It is a part of the debate on seeking the right governance configurations and discourses in response to the communities’ needs. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the scales of governance and socio-spatial relations in the Toronto metropolitan area.

The article has been divided into four main parts. Part one outlines the theoretical framework and the context of the conducted analyses. Part two describes the structures and processes of regional and metropolitan governance in Southern Ontario, with the earlier reference to the institutional conditions and directions of reforms characteristic of the whole of Canada. Part three of the study concerns the governance arrangements that may constitute important reference points for the scientific and political discourse taking place in Poland. Part four is an attempt to capture the similarities and universal premises that have a decisive influence on the processes of forming metropolitan structures and policies, both in Canada and in Poland.

The assumption was made that, despite different historical and socio-cultural conditions, comparing Canadian and Polish experiences is justified, necessary and possible. Firstly, due to the reason that socio-spatial relations in various territorial systems are subject to the same development processes and the accompanying processes of transformation and adaptation. Secondly, residents (members of local, metropolitan, regional, national and supranational communities) have similar needs and expect a high quality of life. Decision-makers and actors of political scenes in different geographical spaces have (or may have) the same technologies, ways of information processing, access to knowledge and knowledge of socio-economic processes. They also face challenges related to the inclusion of citizens in decision-making processes.

The analysis of metropolitan processes in both countries emphasizes the differences resulting from various historical and economic contexts of development and also makes it possible to identify universal mechanisms and regularities independent of these contexts. The practice of metropolitan policy proves that the process of re-territorialization of power structures and governance is shaped as a resultant of the impact of forces and interests at all levels of territorial authorities: central, regional and local. Based on the analysis of the processes of the formation of metropolitan structures in Canada and Poland, it can be stated that the rank and position of regional authorities play a key role in it.

In Canada, strong regional authorities initiate actions for the shaping of metropolitan structures and formulate the scope of their competence and organization. The importance of central authorities for the dynamics of metropolitan processes is secondary in this case. The weakness of regional authorities in Poland leads to the inability to give metropolitan processes the dynamics of development and the legislative rank adequate for the role played by urban regions in the socio-economic development of the country. As evidenced by the example of Toronto, the evolution of the governance system in practice initiates the process of self-learning the system which goes from one to another phase of development, improving the quality of its operation. In Poland, however, the process of creation of governance structures adequate for realistically existing functional metropolitan areas has been stopped, notably, due to the unfavourable political decisions at the central level.

Keywords: regional development, metropolization, public governance, growth, Canada, case study

Rafał Gajewski [rafal.gajewski@ug.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Gdański, Wydział Oceanografii i Geografii
Iwona Sagan [iwona.sagan@ug.edu.pl], Department of Economic Geography, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography University of Gdańsk Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk: Poland

Citation

APA: Gajewski, R., & Sagan, I. (2020). Władze regionalne w zarządzaniu metropolitalnym. Polskie doświadczenia w odniesieniu do Kanady i regionu metropolitalnego Toronto. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(4), 591-607. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.7
MLA: Gajewski, Rafał, and Sagan, Iwona. "Władze regionalne w zarządzaniu metropolitalnym. Polskie doświadczenia w odniesieniu do Kanady i regionu metropolitalnego Toronto". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 591-607. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.7
Chicago: Gajewski, Rafał, and Sagan, Iwona. "Władze regionalne w zarządzaniu metropolitalnym. Polskie doświadczenia w odniesieniu do Kanady i regionu metropolitalnego Toronto". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 591-607. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.7
Harvard: Gajewski, R., & Sagan, I. 2020. "Władze regionalne w zarządzaniu metropolitalnym. Polskie doświadczenia w odniesieniu do Kanady i regionu metropolitalnego Toronto". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 591-607. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.7

Abstract

Two events exerted an essential influence on the development of collaboration in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) in the 21st century, namely: extension of the EU in 2004, due to which Baltic Sea became the inner sea of the EU (except for the Russian coast), and the elaboration and implementation in 2009 of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, which established the framework for the contemporary deepening of cooperation among the Baltic states inside the EU structures. The initially adopted model of cooperation concentrated on the key environmental issues, to then get extended towards the policy domain, including the transborder policies (institutional cooperation), as well as transport and economic connections (Palmowski, 2017). The article, while following the stream of the current studies of the BSR as an economic region, tries to fill the gap of complexity and dynamism of development processes, concerning the scale and intensity of mutual economic relations in relation to BSR.

Thus, the article presents the basic aspects, associated with the introduction of the macroregional strategies in the EU and a short description of the economic integration process of the BSR. Analysis is presented of the most important regularities regarding trade exchange between the countries of the BSR, with consideration of the quantitative changes (volume, dynamics), and of the structural ones (specialization of trade in goods and services), as well as the trade linkages at the local level, as seen from the perspective of Polish exports (case study).

International comparisons are based primarily on the economic data on foreign trade in goods and in services. The analysis concentrates on the assessment of the transformations in the years 2011-2019 (for trade in services: 2011-2018), that is – already after the establishment of the Strategy and the period of recession, resulting from the global crisis of 2008.

In the course of the recent years the changes in the trade linkages considered brought a significant increase in the volume of trade, both concerning goods and services (46.3%), which confirms the initial proposition of the deepening integration within the BSR. Yet, this process takes place in a spatially uneven manner, and it is significantly stronger for the trade in goods than for the services. Internal trade inside the region accounts for as much as 23.7% of the total trade of the BSR countries (this share for the EU countries amounting to 60.0%). Nowadays, the internal trade with the BSR countries is of the highest importance for the small economies of the Baltic states, which is partly due to their intermediate position between Western Europe and Eastern Europe (including, especially, Russia). The analysis of the spatial development of trade with the Nordic countries at the local level in Poland demonstrates the persistence of the applicability and popularity of the gravity models in the study of regularities, associated with the development of export relations; for the local economies the distance to the sales market and the local economic base are the essential factors, differentiating the magnitude and the significance of exports, in this case – to the Nordic countries.

The macroregional Strategy might be treated as a new form of diversified integration within the EU, while the elaborated instruments of the policy and the strategy implementation process can be seen as the response to the need of the cohesion policy, dedicated to the particular areas of supranational dimensions (Gänzle & Kern, 2016). Summing up, the BSR is strongly internally differentiated, this statement applying to economic, social and demographic aspects (Kubka, 2018). Moreover, it can be expected that the region will remain a heterogeneous area (Laaser & Schrader, 2002), also in terms of the regional trade patterns. Thereby, new questions arise, concerning the further process of economic integration and the specificity of cooperation in the framework of the BSR.

Keywords: Baltic Sea region, macroregional strategies, foreign trade in goods, international trade in services, flows of goods and services

Barbara Szejgiec-Kolenda [b.szejgiec@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland
Patryk Duma [p.duma@twarda.pan.pl], Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland

Citation

APA: Szejgiec-Kolenda, B., & Duma, P. (2020). Powiązania handlowe wewnątrz makroregionu Morza Bałtyckiego - w kierunku integracji regionalnej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(4), 609-630. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.8
MLA: Szejgiec-Kolenda, Barbara, and Duma, Patryk. "Powiązania handlowe wewnątrz makroregionu Morza Bałtyckiego - w kierunku integracji regionalnej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 609-630. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.8
Chicago: Szejgiec-Kolenda, Barbara, and Duma, Patryk. "Powiązania handlowe wewnątrz makroregionu Morza Bałtyckiego - w kierunku integracji regionalnej". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 609-630. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.8
Harvard: Szejgiec-Kolenda, B., & Duma, P. 2020. "Powiązania handlowe wewnątrz makroregionu Morza Bałtyckiego - w kierunku integracji regionalnej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 609-630. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.8