Przegląd Geograficzny (2009) tom 81, zeszyt 3

Abstract This paper has sought to point to past-present differences in the nature and spatial distribution of plant communities, as well as to determine the general directions to the environmental transformations taking place along the Middle Vistula Valley. The research has concerned the 50-year period 1949-2001, with changes registered cartographically. At the landscape level, vegetation together with relief, water and soil conditions is a major deciding factor where the shaping of the environment is concerned. Vegetation offers direct indication as regards present-day landscape structure, as well as the most sensitive indication of both system dynamics and changes in the landscape, be these either natural or anthropogenic. Modifications of vegetation usually represent the first signs of environmental change. For these reasons, a knowledge and understanding of the factors and processes leading to the present state of vegetation provide for a determination of the potential effects of planned activities, and their influence on the natural environment. Over 35% of the area was found to have experienced changes in vegetation, though these changes varied in character and intensity from one part of the valley to another. Above all, however, the results of the analysis reflected changes in practices as regards agricultural land-use, this being particularly visible in the way that the area of segetal communities has declined markedly, in the wake of increases in the area of grassland, forest and scrub. Grassland communities themselves manifested two opposing directions to changes: on the one hand an intensification of meadow and pastures use leading to the decline or even disappearance of extensively-used meadows, and on the other the overgrowth of many abandoned grasslands by shrubs and trees. Similar processes have in fact been observed in other parts of Poland too (Herbich, 1994; Kucharski, 1999, 2000). Further detected changes in plant communities are indicative of a lowering of the water level or a change in the horizontal movement of water. The processes ongoing entail an evolution from communities with a high (or fluctuating) water level, often with stagnant water (e.g. Carex meadows, Molinia meadows and alder carr) to those characteristic of less moist habitats or those with running water (Arrhenatherum or Caltha meadows, ash-alder forests and ultimately oak-lime-hornbeam forest). This type of change has mostly been brought about by agricultural drainage. Other important processes observed in the valley as a whole entailed changes in aquatic habitats leading to the aggradation and overgrowth of river-channels and bodies of water. Indeed, the area encompassed by waters actually decreased by more than 32% during the study period. Aggradation of river-beds resulted from current concentration (via hydro-engineering construction) and the intensified accumulation of sediment. Overgrowth in bodies of water (mainly ox-bow lakes) in turn reflected embankment construction limiting the influence of flooding. There was a general increase in anthropisation of the landscape, though in some parts of the valley (e.g. the Wilga area) it was restoration processes that dominated - mainly due to land-cover changes, but also to modifications in plant communities that did not change their overall character (in that land-use forms remained the same), but did lead to changes as regards both structure and biodiversity. These changes above all involved the evolution of meadows into other grassland types subject to more intensive use, or else processes of degeneration in forests. The increasing anthropisation of vegetation was also a product of increases in the areas covered by ruderal vegetation or orchards.

Keywords: Dolina Środkowej Wisły, analiza historyczna, zmiany roślinności, użytkowanie ziemi, numeryczne mapy roślinności

Anna Kowalska [aniak@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Kowalska, A. (2009). Zmiany charakteru i rozmieszczenia zbiorowisk roślinnych w dolinie środkowej Wisły w drugiej połowie XX wieku (odcinek Annopol–Góra Kalwaria). Przegląd Geograficzny, 81(3), 347-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.2
MLA: Kowalska, Anna. "Zmiany charakteru i rozmieszczenia zbiorowisk roślinnych w dolinie środkowej Wisły w drugiej połowie XX wieku (odcinek Annopol–Góra Kalwaria)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, 2009, pp. 347-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.2
Chicago: Kowalska, Anna. "Zmiany charakteru i rozmieszczenia zbiorowisk roślinnych w dolinie środkowej Wisły w drugiej połowie XX wieku (odcinek Annopol–Góra Kalwaria)". Przegląd Geograficzny 81, no. 3 (2009): 347-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.2
Harvard: Kowalska, A. 2009. "Zmiany charakteru i rozmieszczenia zbiorowisk roślinnych w dolinie środkowej Wisły w drugiej połowie XX wieku (odcinek Annopol–Góra Kalwaria)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 347-364. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.2

Abstract An analysis of hydrographic maps at the scale 1:50 000 offered a basis for the inventorying of crenological features in the basin of the Odra (Oder). A total of 393 map sheets were produced to cover the whole area, with 159 of these including the studied features. The data obtained originate from fieldwork or mapping carried out in the years 1998–2005. In total, some 2611 objects were recorded, most of these being perennial springs (1309), followed by seaps (568), marshes (336), perennial springs fitted with intakes (129), groups of springs (111), ephemeral springs (87), mineral springs (66) and observed springs (5). On the basis of the outputs of individual objects the total discharge has been estimated at 1.645 cubic meters per second, or one comparable with the mean annual discharge of such rivers as the Lutynia, Mogilnica and Ołobok. Moreover, two maps have been compiled: to present the number of crenological features on respective sheets, and to illustrate the summed output on these sheets. From the poin of view of the number of features a clear difference between mountain areas and lowlands can be discerned, though this is smaller when output is taken account of. The most prolific springs reach outputs of c. 50 l per second, while only around a dozen exceed 20. The sum for the 10 most major springs accounts for as much as 23% of the total output calculated for all the studied crenological features. It should be noted that as many as 76% of all features are of very low output, i.e. less than 0.5 liters per second. The inventory of springs generated would seem to be of value, since it makes it possible to record future changes in the number and output of crenological objects over a large area.

Keywords: obiekty krenologiczne, dorzecze Odry, liczba i wydajność

Adam Choiński, Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza, Zakład Hydrologii i Gospodarki Wodnej
Mariusz Ptak [ptakm@amu.edu.pl], Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza, Zakład Hydrologii i Gospodarki Wodnej

Citation

APA: Choiński, A., & Ptak, M. (2009). Obiekty krenologiczne dorzecza Odry. Przegląd Geograficzny, 81(3), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.3
MLA: Choiński, Adam, and Ptak, Mariusz. "Obiekty krenologiczne dorzecza Odry". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, 2009, pp. 365-372. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.3
Chicago: Choiński, Adam, and Ptak, Mariusz. "Obiekty krenologiczne dorzecza Odry". Przegląd Geograficzny 81, no. 3 (2009): 365-372. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.3
Harvard: Choiński, A., & Ptak, M. 2009. "Obiekty krenologiczne dorzecza Odry". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 365-372. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.3

Keywords: bioklimatologia, wskaźniki bioklimatyczne, odczucie cieplne, Kołobrzeg, przebieg dobowy, masy powietrza

Citation

APA: Bąkowska, M. (2009). Zmienność przebiegu dobowego wybranych wskaźników bioklimatycznych w Kołobrzegu w okresie letnim w latach 1981–1990. Przegląd Geograficzny, 81(3), 373-397. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.4
MLA: Bąkowska, Monika. "Zmienność przebiegu dobowego wybranych wskaźników bioklimatycznych w Kołobrzegu w okresie letnim w latach 1981–1990". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, 2009, pp. 373-397. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.4
Chicago: Bąkowska, Monika. "Zmienność przebiegu dobowego wybranych wskaźników bioklimatycznych w Kołobrzegu w okresie letnim w latach 1981–1990". Przegląd Geograficzny 81, no. 3 (2009): 373-397. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.4
Harvard: Bąkowska, M. 2009. "Zmienność przebiegu dobowego wybranych wskaźników bioklimatycznych w Kołobrzegu w okresie letnim w latach 1981–1990". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 373-397. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.4

Abstract Heavy downpours and flash floods accelerate the denudation of slopes, as well as erosion, and hence accumulation in the bottoms of valleys (Słupik, 1981; Starkel, 1996; Gil, 1998). However, the geomorphological impact depends less on the amount and duration of falls of rain, and more on intensity and spatial extent. The intensity of mass movements and floods also depends on relief, the type and thickness of soil, the lithology and tectonic history of rocks, which together determine infiltration rates and runoff. An important role in triggering mass movements is also played by human activity (land use, terracing and the undercutting of slopes). This paper presents the role of short-duration downpours occurring in the July of 1997 and 2008 where the shaping of the Jaszcze and Jamne valleys in the Gorce Mountains is concerned. The narrow valley of the Jaszcze has very steep slopes and is covered by dense patches of forest. In contrast, the Jamne Valley with its predominantly gentle slopes has been largely deforested. At higher elevations, the Jaszcze catchment has a prevalence of meadows and pastures that contrasts with the dominant arable land lower down. The Jamne catchment in turn has meadows and pastures of its own, plus arable fields reaching altitudes of 1100 m a.s.l. (Obrębska-Starklowa, 1970). Following the rainfall of July 1997, it proved possible to register 85 new superficial landslides on air photos (55 in the Jaszcze Valley and 30 in the Jamne Valley), these covering a total area of c. 29,700 m2. Among dominant forms were slumps and mudflows of loamy-sandy regolith, created mainly on steep, grass-covered slopes (≥20°), on the edges of field terraces and on the colluvium of old landslides. A flood of 23 July 2008 was also connected with a heavy downpour, daily rainfall that day reaching 76.3 mm at the river outlet. The highest level in the Jaszcze and Jamne was noted at about 17.00. The most marked changes characterised the Jamne channel, this reflecting its more limited forest cover and the higher density of the river network. Lateral erosion prevailed over downcutting, causing the reactivation of old undercuts and the development of new ones, the height reaching 3.5 m. Boulders up to 25 cm in size were transported, and the deposition of debris followed. Older gravel bars were cut and new ones built up. Only a few small earth slumps appeared on the slopes, and these were never in forest. A map showing the potential susceptibility of the Jaszcze and Jamne catchments was prepared on the basis of field data and a statistical analysis, using the landslide index method (Van Westen, 1994). While the greatest geomorphological effects of rainfall are to be noted in stream channels, the transformation of slopes by mass movements is less remarkable. However superficial landslides are characteristic of deforested slopes covered by a thin loamy regolith over flysch sandstones and shales. GIS analysis and field observations make it clear that the geological structure deeper down does not play an important role in triggering of superficial landslides.

Keywords: opady nawalne, ruchy osuwiskowe, procesy korytowe, Gorce

Anna Bucała [abucala@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland

Citation

APA: Bucała, A. (2009). Rola opadów nawalnych w kształtowaniu stoków i koryt w Gorcach na przykładzie zlewni potoków Jaszcze i Jamne. Przegląd Geograficzny, 81(3), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.5
MLA: Bucała, Anna. "Rola opadów nawalnych w kształtowaniu stoków i koryt w Gorcach na przykładzie zlewni potoków Jaszcze i Jamne". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, 2009, pp. 399-418. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.5
Chicago: Bucała, Anna. "Rola opadów nawalnych w kształtowaniu stoków i koryt w Gorcach na przykładzie zlewni potoków Jaszcze i Jamne". Przegląd Geograficzny 81, no. 3 (2009): 399-418. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.5
Harvard: Bucała, A. 2009. "Rola opadów nawalnych w kształtowaniu stoków i koryt w Gorcach na przykładzie zlewni potoków Jaszcze i Jamne". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 399-418. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.5

Abstract The Wywierzysko Goryczkowe karst system has been the subject of numerous studies, and it was this extensive literature dating back to the 1960s, the 1980s and the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century that gave rise to a question regarding the role played in the development of the Wywierzysko Goryczkowe karst system by the last (Würm) Glaciation. The answer to this and other questions was sought via a reconstruction of glacial dynamic that, built on a previously agreed reconstruction of the geometry of the Sucha Woda glacier. The key here was an estimation of the amount of meltwater following the maximum extent of the glacier noted some 21–19 ka BP. The maximum coincided with the most marked Würm Glaciation cooling, this period usually being associated with deteriorating weather conditions, i.e. a decline in air temperature, lower rainfall (not exceeding 500 mm a–1 at the time) and consequently more limited ablation). During the period of maximum coverage to the likely speed of movement was of c. 14 ma–1. The movement at an altitude of 1600 m a.s.l. was thus of a little over 2 million m3a–1 of snow and ice. Taking into account the volume of snow and ice, rainfall, and the speed of the glacier, the volume of meltwater is deemed to have exceeded 105 k m3d–1. As the total volume of the glacier is an estimated 1.4 billion m3, this volume of meltwater seems relatively small. To better illustrate theissue, the author compared contemporary outflow with that during the glaciation. The outflow of water from the Sucha Woda Valley is currently 66.9 k m3d–1, though it needs to be noted that only 37% of rainwater leaves the basin at the outlet of the Tatra Mountains, the vast majority feeding the Wywierzysko Goryczkowe and Olczyskie karst system. The volume of the Wywierzysko Goryczkowe karst systemis 2.1 million m3 according to the Mangin method, making this the largest local aquifer in the Tatra Mountains. During the period of maximum glaciation prevailing climatic conditions did not facilitate the free flow of water in the glacier, which represented a natural barrier to the flow of meltwater, while a major role in the circulation of water was played by the varied relief of the Stawy Gąsienicowe Valley. In tension areas especially, deep crevices allow water to penetrate into the interior, and then to supply the ground. However, most meltwater would have flowed on the surface of the glacier. It would therefore appear that the reconstructed volume of meltwater might have had a limited role in shaping the environment in the Wywierzysko Goryczkowe karst system during the time of the valley-glaciation maximum. The author assumes that the subsequent period of glacier recession, and above all the unveiling of the sinkholes area at Hala Gąsienicowa, allowed for more free penetration of water into the karst system, probably during the early stage of permafrost formation.

Keywords: zlodowacenie, rzeźba krasowa, wody lodowcowe, Tatry

Citation

APA: Bytomski, T. (2009). Rola ostatniego zlodowacenia w ukształtowaniu systemu krasowego Wywierzyska Goryczkowego w Tatrach. Przegląd Geograficzny, 81(3), 419-431. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.6
MLA: Bytomski, Tomasz. "Rola ostatniego zlodowacenia w ukształtowaniu systemu krasowego Wywierzyska Goryczkowego w Tatrach". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, 2009, pp. 419-431. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.6
Chicago: Bytomski, Tomasz. "Rola ostatniego zlodowacenia w ukształtowaniu systemu krasowego Wywierzyska Goryczkowego w Tatrach". Przegląd Geograficzny 81, no. 3 (2009): 419-431. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.6
Harvard: Bytomski, T. 2009. "Rola ostatniego zlodowacenia w ukształtowaniu systemu krasowego Wywierzyska Goryczkowego w Tatrach". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 419-431. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.3.6