Przegląd Geograficzny (2018) tom 90, zeszyt 1

Abstract The Stołowe Mountains,situated in the Middle Sudetes, form Poland’s only tableland, which is underlain by an alternating succession of sedimentary rocks, all of Permian and Late Cretaceous age. The morphology of the Stołowe Mountains is characterised by the presence of isolated mesas and plateaus. Nearly-level summits are bounded by precipitous escarpments up to 300 m tall. These are bipartite in profile, with stronger sandstones forming vertical cliffs and less-resistant marls and mudstones being truncated by concave slope sections. There seems to be general agreement that long-term escarpment retreat is the dominant pathway by which this tableland evolved geomorphically. However, ideas on the processes contributing to the scarp recession vary. Since the early 20th century, the dominant concept has ascribed a major role to catastrophic mass movements. Łoziński (1909) for example pointed to rock falls, and linked their origin with intense mechanical weathering. For their part, both Czeppe (1952) and Dumanowski (1961, 1967) underlined the crucial importance of subsurface water flow at the point of contact between the permeable sandstones and impermeable fine-grained rocks. In their opinion, that phenomenon results in the undercutting and destabilisation of rock faces. Pulinowa (1972, 1989) was of a similar view and suggested that plastic deformations of underlying marls and mudstones caused subsidence and the toppling of marginal parts of the sandstone caprock. Although deep clefts are a prominent feature of Mt Szczeliniec Wielki, no significant movements have been recorded in recent decades (e.g. Cacoń, 2008). Thus, from a present-day standpoint, the different outlooks mentioned above can be considered highly influenced by paradigms, while lacking in support where empirical data are concerned. In contrast, systematic study based on quantitative measurements has been engaged in recently by Duszyński and Migoń (2015) and Duszyński et al. (2016). They reveal that non-catastrophic disintegration of cliff lines appears to be a much more common phenomenon than rock failure. An alternative scenario assumes that the marginal parts of plateaus are separating along joints, due to underground erosion and removal of rock residuum. In this way, after a long period of time, a once-solid rock face becomes a mess of joint-bounded blocks. Transport downslope is then more apparent than real as progressively lower topographical positions are occupied, while the lower escarpment slope recedes. Landslides in the middle and lower parts of the slope (Duszyński et al., 2017), block ploughing (Pulinowa, 1989; Duszyński and Parzóch, 2016) and erosional incision (Migoń and Kasprzak, 2016) all do contribute to escarpment retreat, but their role is limited to single localities. Although our knowledge regarding the evolution of the Stołowe Mountains has improved greatly, we still lack chronological data, and are hence unable to pinpoint the environmental conditions proving particularly favourable to escarpment recession. There is also a need to determine whether the arenisation process often described in the foreign literature (e.g. Wray and Sauro, 2017) is actually responsible for the slow detachment of sand grains from quartz sandstone.

Keywords: Góry Stołowe, progi morfologiczne, procesy rzeźbotwórcze, historia badań

Filip Duszyński [filip.duszynski@uwr.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego

Citation

APA: Duszyński, F. (2018). Mechanizmy i uwarunkowania rozwoju progów morfologicznych Gór Stołowych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 7-33. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.1
MLA: Duszyński, Filip. "Mechanizmy i uwarunkowania rozwoju progów morfologicznych Gór Stołowych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 7-33. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.1
Chicago: Duszyński, Filip. "Mechanizmy i uwarunkowania rozwoju progów morfologicznych Gór Stołowych". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 7-33. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.1
Harvard: Duszyński, F. 2018. "Mechanizmy i uwarunkowania rozwoju progów morfologicznych Gór Stołowych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 7-33. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.1

Abstract The aim of this study has been to analyse long-term (1971–2015) changes in climatic conditions in the foothills and Beskid region of the Western Carpathian Mountains (South-Eastern Poland), on the basis of selected geoindicators calculated by reference to average annual and monthly air temperatures and precipitation. Climatic conditions were analysed for the Szymbark Research Station of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IGSO PAS). Average daily air temperature and daily amounts of precipitation were referred to. The average annual temperature over the 45 years (1971–2015) was 8.1°C. The annual temperature ranged from 6.3°C (1980) to 9.9°C (2014). In the multi-year period analysed, there was an increase in the average annual temperature of about 0.4°C/10 years, which testifies to an intensification of continental climatic characteristics, confirming the course of and trends of two geoindicators of climate, i.e. oceanism after Marsz (Oc) and continentalism after Gorczynski (KG). This increased average annual temperature has the effect of shifting the onset of the thermal pre-winter period (5-0° C) to the end of the year, while also increasing the length of the growing season, by an average of 5 days/10 years. The multi-year period analysed has also witnessed a decrease in the number of cold months. The average annual precipitation was 834 mm (1971–2015). This contrasts with the maximum amount (of 1164 mm) noted in 1974, as well as the minimum (of 535 mm) recorded in 1982. Overall, annual rainfall increased, by 16.2 mm/10 years. However, the rainfall geoindicator (LAN) showed a downward trend due to the increased the average annual air temperature. Equally, the pluviometric geoindicator P showed an increased trend influenced by ever-greater annual amplitude of temperature. Based on the classifications of monthly temperature and precipitation, it was find an increased trend of warm and wet months, as associated with a reduced incidence of cold and dry months. The values of indicators calculated for the Szymbark Research Station in 1971–2015 are similar to those recorded in other mountainous areas in Europe.

Keywords: temperatura powietrza, opady atmosferyczne, wskaźniki klimatyczne, Szymbark, Karpaty Zachodnie

Witold Bochenek [witold.bochenek@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Kijowska-Strugała [mkijowska@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland

Citation

APA: Bochenek, W., Kijowska-Strugała, M., & Kiszka, K. (2018). Wieloletnie tendencje warunków klimatycznych w Szymbarku na podstawie wybranych wskaźników. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.2
MLA: Bochenek, Witold, et al. "Wieloletnie tendencje warunków klimatycznych w Szymbarku na podstawie wybranych wskaźników". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 35-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.2
Chicago: Bochenek, Witold, Kijowska-Strugała, Małgorzata, and Kiszka, Krzysztof. "Wieloletnie tendencje warunków klimatycznych w Szymbarku na podstawie wybranych wskaźników". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 35-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.2
Harvard: Bochenek, W., Kijowska-Strugała, M., & Kiszka, K. 2018. "Wieloletnie tendencje warunków klimatycznych w Szymbarku na podstawie wybranych wskaźników". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 35-52. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.2

Abstract The purpose of the work detailed here was to reveal the diurnal variability characterising values for air temperature and vapour pressure in Poland. To this end, reference was made to meteorological data – concerning air temperature (°C) and water vapour pressure (hPa) – derived from eight observation terms over the period 1991-2000, and from the Polish cities of Koszalin, Białystok, Poznań, Warsaw, Wrocław and Rzeszów. These data were used to calculate average diurnal values for each of these meteorological elements, with graphs constructed to show the averaged daily courses for air temperature and water vapour pressure, as well as the course of averaged diurnal extreme values and amplitudes in regard to both elements, together with the hours associated with them. All analyses were carried out for consecutive ten-day periods of the year. Because of the uneven changes in the variables throughout the daytime, extreme values for air temperature and water vapour pressure were approximated using an asymmetric function. The diurnal courses to thermal and humidity conditions in the Polish cities under study are found to be characterised by a certain variability, both temporally and spatially. In particular, there are significantly fewer instances of stable weather conditions during the summer season, than in winter. The hours of occurrence of air temperature minima depend on the season. In winter they occur much later, about 5-6 a.m., while in the warm half of the year they are noted at approximately 2 a.m. Diurnal maxima for air temperature appear around the same time of day, usually at about 1 p.m. year-round. Analysis of the spatial structure characterising variability in diurnal air temperature showed SE Poland (Rzeszów) to be the warmest region in summer during daytime hours. Summer nights are hottest in the south-west (Wrocław) and middle part of Poland (Warsaw). In winter, the privileged stations in respect of thermal conditions are Wrocław and Koszalin, during daytime hours and at night respectively. The diurnal course sees water vapour pressure rise during the hours of daytime, and decrease at night. In turn, annual variability is characterised by significant summer increases and winter decreases. In the summer, the diurnal courses for water vapour pressure are characterised by the presence of two minima and two maxima per day. The first diurnal minimum is usually recorded in the morning, between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m., albeit slightly later in winter, while the second, appearing in the warm season, is observed between 12 a.m. and 4 p.m. In the case of the diurnal maximum, the first, is more seasonally dependent than the minimum, in that it occurs between noon and 4 p.m. in winter, most often around 8 a.m. A second one is noted between 4 and 8 p.m. The spatial range of occurrence of different values for water vapour pressure points to a rise in the western part of the country in the cool half of the year, while south-eastern Poland is more privileged in this regard in the summer.

Keywords: przebieg dobowy, temperatura powietrza, ciśnienie pary wodnej, Polska

Monika Okoniewska [monika.okoniewska@ukw.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Instytut Geografii

Citation

APA: Okoniewska, M. (2018). Dobowy przebieg temperatury i wilgotności powietrza w Polsce w kolejnych dekadach roku. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 53-75. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.3
MLA: Okoniewska, Monika. "Dobowy przebieg temperatury i wilgotności powietrza w Polsce w kolejnych dekadach roku". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 53-75. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.3
Chicago: Okoniewska, Monika. "Dobowy przebieg temperatury i wilgotności powietrza w Polsce w kolejnych dekadach roku". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 53-75. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.3
Harvard: Okoniewska, M. 2018. "Dobowy przebieg temperatury i wilgotności powietrza w Polsce w kolejnych dekadach roku". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 53-75. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.3

Abstract Emissions from various sources and favorable meteorological conditions associated with the advection of air masses, promote the occurrence of high concentration of particulate matter. Using data of mean daily values of PM10 and calendar of circulation types for Western Poland drafted by T. Niedźwiedź (2003), made it possible to show the most and least favorable situations occurrence of high particulate matter concentration. The most preferred situation for pollution accumulation is the advection from the southern sector. The lowest values of PM10 appeared in the case of northern types of circulation. It was also shown that exceeding the permissible daily values of 50 μg m−3 (according to Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe) occur much more frequently in the case of anticyclonic types of circulation. Mean values of PM10 in different seasons, confirmed the presence of the highest concentrations in winter, what is associated with an increase of emissions from municipal sector, as well as increase of frequency of circulation types from the South at this time of year.

Keywords: zanieczyszczenie powietrza, pył zawieszony, PM10, typy cyrkulacji atmosferycznej, Poznań

Leszek Kolendowicz [leszko@amu.edu.pl], Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznań, Poland

Citation

APA: Pilguj, N., Kendzierski, S., & Kolendowicz, L. (2018). Rola typów cyrkulacji atmosferycznej w kształtowaniu stężeń pyłu zawieszonego PM10 w Poznaniu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.4
MLA: Pilguj, Natalia, et al. "Rola typów cyrkulacji atmosferycznej w kształtowaniu stężeń pyłu zawieszonego PM10 w Poznaniu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 77-91. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.4
Chicago: Pilguj, Natalia, Kendzierski, Sebastian, and Kolendowicz, Leszek. "Rola typów cyrkulacji atmosferycznej w kształtowaniu stężeń pyłu zawieszonego PM10 w Poznaniu". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 77-91. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.4
Harvard: Pilguj, N., Kendzierski, S., & Kolendowicz, L. 2018. "Rola typów cyrkulacji atmosferycznej w kształtowaniu stężeń pyłu zawieszonego PM10 w Poznaniu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 77-91. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.4

Abstract The aim of the presented research is to assess the storage capacity and the groundwater runoff dynamics in the High Bieszczady Mountain (SE Poland, Outer Eastern Carpathians) on the basis of measurements in three gauging stations within San river catchment. The study is based on recession curve analyses in the period 2005-2015.Recession coefficient (α) and storage capacity (Wmax) were calculated for each recession segment. Furthermore, for each gauging station master recession curves were constructed. Recession coefficients were about 10-2. All studied catchments were characterized by higher median of α and Wmax values in the winter half-year, than in the summer half-year. The master recession curves obtained in this study showed two-phase drainage model. During the first phase (higher α values) water resources were depleting faster, probably due to affecting of base flow by part of interflow, than in the second phase (lower α values). The largest catchments (San gauge in Zatwarnica and Dwernik) showed similar median values of storage capacity (Me: 14-21 mm), whereas the smallest Wołosaty catchment showed higher median values (Me: 20-32 mm). The higher values might be caused by higher average annual precipitation and the more complex geological condition, what might locally influence on the storage capacity increase.

Keywords: zasoby wód, krzywe recesji, odpływ podziemny, Karpaty fliszowe

Citation

APA: Mostowik, K., Kisiel, M., Rzonca, B., & Siwek, J. (2018). Potencjał zasobności zbiorników wód podziemnych w Bieszczadach Wysokich. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.5
MLA: Mostowik, Karolina, et al. "Potencjał zasobności zbiorników wód podziemnych w Bieszczadach Wysokich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 93-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.5
Chicago: Mostowik, Karolina, Kisiel, Marta, Rzonca, Bartłomiej, and Siwek, Janusz. "Potencjał zasobności zbiorników wód podziemnych w Bieszczadach Wysokich". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 93-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.5
Harvard: Mostowik, K., Kisiel, M., Rzonca, B., & Siwek, J. 2018. "Potencjał zasobności zbiorników wód podziemnych w Bieszczadach Wysokich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 93-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.5

Abstract The work described here has sought to identify the variable hydro-meteorological conditions (across hydrological years 2009–2014) determining cliff-erosion dynamics along the coast of Poland’s Wolin Island. Daily data from the tide-gauge station in Świnoujście allowed for the presentation of variability in sea level, with data obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Also presented are annual, semi-annual and monthly characterisations of elements of the weather capable of exerting the greatest erosive impact on cliffs, i.e. precipitation and snow cover, as well as thermal and anemometric conditions. The daily meteorological data derived from the author’s own measurements, from the meteorological station in Biała Góra situated on the Wolin cliff top. The potential erosive hydro-meteorological conditions were set against annual measurements of cliff-top recession rates, the research into this involving geodetic RTK GPS measurements on 5 test sections representing different morpholithological conditions. The hydrological years 2009-2014 experienced very significant hydro-meteorological events potentially favouring the occurrence of erosion processes (mass movements and aeolian erosion). The occurrence of potentially erosive hydro-meteorological events is referenced against cliff-top recession rates. In particular, this study presents the geomorphological effects of two extreme hydro-meteorological occurrences. i.e. Hurricane Xavier of December 2013 (maximum sea level 612 cm) and a two-hour extreme (74mm) precipitation event occurring in August 2014 year. The specific nature of the cause-effect relationship between hydro-meteorological conditions and cliff erosion on the cliff coast of Wolin Island is also described, though these results are also capable of being applied to other cliff sections of the Southern Baltic coastal zone. The relationships between hydro-meteorological conditions and coastal erosion are not seen to be directly proportional, but are non-linear. It is not always the extreme storm surges and high levels of precipitation that generate extreme erosion along the shore. Rather, the dynamics of cliff-edge erosion are found to be determined by a number of other determinants obscuring the simple relation-ship between hydro-meteorological conditions and intensity of erosion. The most important factors influencing the dynamics of coastal erosion are morphological conditions, slope aspect vis-à-vis approaching waves, qualitative and quantitative conditions of sediment on beaches and in the shallows, the dynamics and frequency of extreme hydro-meteorological events in the preceding period, and human activity relating to hydrotechnical installations. Given the current upward trend for sea level and the increasing frequency of extreme hydro-meteorological events, the Southern Baltic coastal zone is expected to be subject to intensified cliff erosion in the near future. In this context, the results presented here might also gain wider application in studying other parts of the Baltic coastal zone with a morainic cliff coastline, especially along the stretch between Estonia and Germany.

Keywords: wybrzeże klifowe Bałtyku, wezbrania sztormowe, ekstrema meteorologiczne, erozja brzegu, wartości progowe

Citation

APA: Tylkowski, J. (2018). Hydrometeorologiczne uwarunkowania erozji wybrzeża klifowego wyspy Wolin. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.6
MLA: Tylkowski, Jacek. "Hydrometeorologiczne uwarunkowania erozji wybrzeża klifowego wyspy Wolin". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 111-135. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.6
Chicago: Tylkowski, Jacek. "Hydrometeorologiczne uwarunkowania erozji wybrzeża klifowego wyspy Wolin". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 111-135. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.6
Harvard: Tylkowski, J. 2018. "Hydrometeorologiczne uwarunkowania erozji wybrzeża klifowego wyspy Wolin". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 111-135. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.6

Abstract Today, the development of river beds is shaped, not only by natural processes and phenomena, but also by anthropogenic impact. An acquaintanceship with the specifics of a bed system facilitates understanding of underlying mechanisms, allowing for both the protection of the natural environment and the management of flood risk. Work described here sought to determine the morphodynamics of the river bed along the regulated part of the Skawa (Fig. 1), i.e. in its lower, lowland reaches. Achievement of this aim was made possible by the identification of: morphogenetically uniform sections of the river, and factors intensifying sectional “rewilding” of its bed, with islands and central outwashes raking shape in consequence (Kamykowska et al., 2012). The typology referred to was based on the method for plotting a river bed after Kamykowska et al. (1999). Plotting proper was preceded by field observation, in line with which the Skawa bed was divided into 29 sections. The specified sections were then plotted by reference to a records book (Krzemień, 2012). Parameters obtained then provided for the typological analysis in fact identifying 12 morphogenetic sections of river bed (Fig. 2, line XII), as classified into 4 types differing in terms of the dominant process (Table 1). From among the 12 morphogenetic sections of river bed identified, the transport process dominates in 6 (river bed types A and B, Table 1). While it was mainly transport that characterised section 1 (assigned to type A); in section 5 transport and redeposition were observed (giving type B). The remaining 6 sections are in turn dominated by lateral erosion and redeposition (types C and D respectively), with these processes assuming high intensities in 2 (type D). The sections currently identified as transporting and eroding-redepositing do not present stable forms. Rather, the presence of unstable shore protections and construction of new ones (through bed regulation at Jaroszowice) combine with the upcoming start of operations of the dam at Świnna Poręba to force the bed to adjust constantly to new flow conditions. The operation of “Lake Mucharskie” (actually a reservoir) is in turn expected to increase vertical erosion. In the sections currently modelled by intense lateral erosion and redeposition (two multi-stream sections), morphological processes are expected to transform the river bed until it becomes a wide waterway area of the kind natural for that section of the valley, albeit currently narrowed to the river bed banks. The analysis of types of river bed along the lower Skawa points to the protected sections, dominated by transport, being the most susceptible to the rapid, significant transformations that may occur as a result of the destruction of rubble riprap.

Keywords: morfodynamika, typologia koryta, dziczenie koryta, Skawa

Citation

APA: Witkowski, K. (2018). Morfodynamika uregulowanego koryta rzeki górskiej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.7
MLA: Witkowski, Karol. "Morfodynamika uregulowanego koryta rzeki górskiej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 137-155. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.7
Chicago: Witkowski, Karol. "Morfodynamika uregulowanego koryta rzeki górskiej". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 137-155. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.7
Harvard: Witkowski, K. 2018. "Morfodynamika uregulowanego koryta rzeki górskiej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 137-155. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.7

Keywords: geografia polska, lata 1945-1980, odbudowa i rozwój

Leszek Starkel [starkel@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland

Citation

APA: Starkel, L. (2018). Odbudowa i rozwój polskiej geografii fizycznej po drugiej wojnie światowej w latach 1945–1980. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.8
MLA: Starkel, Leszek. "Odbudowa i rozwój polskiej geografii fizycznej po drugiej wojnie światowej w latach 1945–1980". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 157-168. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.8
Chicago: Starkel, Leszek. "Odbudowa i rozwój polskiej geografii fizycznej po drugiej wojnie światowej w latach 1945–1980". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 1 (2018): 157-168. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.8
Harvard: Starkel, L. 2018. "Odbudowa i rozwój polskiej geografii fizycznej po drugiej wojnie światowej w latach 1945–1980". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 157-168. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.1.8