Przegląd Geograficzny (2017) tom 89, zeszyt 1

Abstract According to the regional division from A. Chałubińska and T. Wilgat (1954), the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District, is a subregion of Lublin Polesie – the western part of the extensive Polesie Lowland. More broadly, the area is located within the zone of the European Lowland, bordering on to the Lublin Upland in the south and the “Włodawa Hump” in the north. Other boundaries are formed by the valleys of the Tyśmienica in the west and the Bug in the east. The total area of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District is 1168.5 km2. This is a region of unique natural features. The shallow location of groundwater, extensive areas of wetlands and peatlands, natural lakes and artificial reservoirs all have special signifi cance for the character of the natural environment here. Despite the visible wealth of surface waters, this is an area of severe water deficits resulting from low precipitation and natural water-retention conditions. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the state of, and changes in, water conditions as the result of various impacting human activities. A description of the hydrosphere resources in the Lake District, and the ways in which they have been modified, was developed on the basis of material at the Department of Hydrology of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, meteorological data from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute, information obtained from the Voivodship Board for Land Reclamation and Water Facilities in Lublin and the “Bogdanka” Lublin Coal Company, Inc. Water is the most important component determining the valuable features and specific environment of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District. Natural water exchange is very slow here, and the limited resources, retained underground, are of a very good quality. Connections between lakes and basins without drainage to one system of outflow result in an acceleration of spring runoff, causing a decreasing in the area of permanent wetland and a change in the hydrodynamic balance between surface and ground waters. A higher rate of withdrawal and abstraction of groundwater for municipal and industrial purposes, and consequent greater flow of water through the system of reclamation ditches have led to a slow process of lowering of lake and groundwater tables, with the result that lakes become overgrown. Mining activity caused changes in surface and underground alimentation areas for lake catchments and lakes. Minewater discharge and the washing out of waste rock landfill by rainfall causes an input of more-mineralised waters, as is especially visible after their discharge into the receiving water the Świnka River. Water conditions in the area under study have thus been subject to change as a result of other economic activity, mainly land reclamation, the exploitation of aquifers, coal extraction and the use of land in recreation. The effective protection of water and other natural resources in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District – as an area unique in Europe – demands rational management and protection activity. Water as the most important component of this lacustrine-palustrine region should therefore be treated preferentially.

Keywords: stosunki wodne, przekształcenia hydrosfery, melioracje, górnictwo, pobory wody, Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie

Citation

APA: Michalczyk, Z., Mięsiak-Wójcik, K., Sposób, J., & Turczyński, M. (2017). Stan i zmiany stosunków wodnych Pojezierza Łęczyńsko-Włodawskiego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 9-28. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.1
MLA: Michalczyk, Zdzisław, et al. "Stan i zmiany stosunków wodnych Pojezierza Łęczyńsko-Włodawskiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 9-28. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.1
Chicago: Michalczyk, Zdzisław, Mięsiak-Wójcik, Katarzyna, Sposób, Joanna, and Turczyński, Marek. "Stan i zmiany stosunków wodnych Pojezierza Łęczyńsko-Włodawskiego". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 9-28. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.1
Harvard: Michalczyk, Z., Mięsiak-Wójcik, K., Sposób, J., & Turczyński, M. 2017. "Stan i zmiany stosunków wodnych Pojezierza Łęczyńsko-Włodawskiego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 9-28. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.1

Abstract This article details an analysis of seasonality of outflow carried out for 12 Carpathian catchments. The latter were selected in such a way as to fully represent various conditions of outflow formation in the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. the region of Poland in which hydrological processes are most dynamic. Daily series of discharges for the years 1951-2010 provided the basis for the research, albeit with the series lengths used in analyses of particular rivers varying in length from 40 to 60 years. In the case of each water-gauge section selected, calculations were made for the seasonality index (IS), time of concentration coeffi cient (WPK), outflow concentration index (GMO) and half-outflow term index (TPO). Multiannual variability and mutual correlation coefficients for the above parameters were also calculated, with these characteristics together describing various aspects to the seasonality of river outflow. The results of the research conducted show that values for the mean seasonality indexes characterising the outflow in Carpathian catchments are slightly lower than those calculated for amounts of precipitation. In addition, their spatial differentiation is relatively weak, while their variability over time is distinctly high. The mean time of concentration coefficient (WPK) for the Carpathian catchments does differ markedly from place to place, occurring between 4th Apri l and 3rd June. However, in the cases of the rivers draining the western part of the Beskid Mountains and Tatras, the outflow concentration occurs relatively late (after 5th May), while it is relatively early (before 5th May) in the cases of the rivers in the eastern part of the Beskids. The long-term variability of WPK in the Carpathian Mountains is less than half as great as that characterising the seasonality index (25.2% to 55.7% on average), though no significant trends could be noted for long-term series of those characteristics. Timing related to Oliver’s concentration coefficient (GMO) reveals aspects of seasonality similar to those presented by Markham’s seasonality index (IS). Due to this fact it would be more appropriate to name it an “outflow seasonality index” rather than an “outflow concentration index”. Mean multiannual half-outflow terms (TPOśr) in the Carpathian catchments are strongly diversified and appear between 15th April and 21st May. Low TPOśr was noted in rivers of a nival-pluvial and nival well-shaped regime. Low TPOśr was found with the pluvial-nival regime. The spatial differentiation to the multiannual variability of TPOśr in the Carpathian Mountains is limited. It is most limited in the case of rivers in the Tatra Mountains. Statistical analyses of multiannual series for all the seasonality parameters examined show that, in the Carpathian area, the seasonal structure to the outflow is relatively stable over the long term (given a lack of significant trends), with year-to-year fluctuations and changes being random in nature. The relative mean mass diagram curve for Carpathian catchments has two points of inflection confirming the nival-pluvial or pluvial-nival regimes. The regional curve offers a very effective presentation of the seasonal distribution of outflow in the Carpathian Mountains.

Keywords: sezonowość, odpływ rzeczny, Karpaty

Citation

APA: Jokiel, P., & Tomalski, P. (2017). Sezonowość odpływu z wybranych zlewni karpackich. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.2
MLA: Jokiel, Paweł, and Tomalski, Przemysław. "Sezonowość odpływu z wybranych zlewni karpackich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 29-44. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.2
Chicago: Jokiel, Paweł, and Tomalski, Przemysław. "Sezonowość odpływu z wybranych zlewni karpackich". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 29-44. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.2
Harvard: Jokiel, P., & Tomalski, P. 2017. "Sezonowość odpływu z wybranych zlewni karpackich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 29-44. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.2

Abstract The aim of the work described here was to assess the temporal variability and spatial differentiation characterising the outflow of a river, using integrated geoinformation methods and hydrological modelling. The study was conducted in the Parsęta drainage basin, whose internal structure is considered representative of young-glacial lowlands in the temperate climatic zone. The simulations of water balance were carried out using a hydrological and water quality model called the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), as integrated into a geographical information system. SWAT is a basin-scale, continuous-time model. It was designed to predict the impact of watershed management changes on outflows of water, sediment and chemical components. The spatial data analysis is based on concerns a digital elevation model, lithology, hydrography, soil, land cover and land use. The simulations included meteorological data for the period 1966-2010 from 4 meteorological stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Selected from among available methods were: the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method (SCS-CN) to estimate surface runoff, the Penman-Monteith method to estimate potential evapotranspiration, and the Muskingum river routing method for a channel network. Models required calibration, which was achieved using SWAT-CUP4 software. Within the SWAT-CUP4 framework, the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) calibration procedure was selected. Calibration and validation were performed on data collected at three water-gauge stations in Tychówko, Białogard and Bardy, for the years 1966-2010 (these measurement data were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management). The results were assessed by reference to such statistics as the R2 determination coefficient, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and percentage bias coefficient (PBIAS). The results with an annual time step were characterised by high values for the statistical evaluation coefficients. The values for the percentage bias coefficient were in the 3-13% range for the calibration, and of 4-17% in the case of the validation period. Found to be most consistent with the observed data were modelling results obtained for the closing profile of the basin. A reduction in the area of catchment considered was associated with lower values being obtained for the statistical coefficients, in respect of the evaluation of the results. In comparing results in relation to the period of calibration and validation, only very small differences as regards assessment factors were to be found. Application of the SWAT model in the case of a lowland river flowing through a young-glacial landscape confirmed that model’s universal applicability to catchments characterised by widely different environmental conditions and river regimes.

Keywords: odpływ rzeczny, modelowanie hydrologiczne, Parsęta, Pomorze

Zbigniew Zwoliński, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań: Poland

Citation

APA: Gudowicz, J., & Zwoliński, Z. (2017). Kształtowanie się odpływu rzecznego w dorzeczu Parsęty w świetle modelowania hydrologicznego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 45-66. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.3
MLA: Gudowicz, Joanna, and Zwoliński, Zbigniew. "Kształtowanie się odpływu rzecznego w dorzeczu Parsęty w świetle modelowania hydrologicznego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 45-66. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.3
Chicago: Gudowicz, Joanna, and Zwoliński, Zbigniew. "Kształtowanie się odpływu rzecznego w dorzeczu Parsęty w świetle modelowania hydrologicznego". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 45-66. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.3
Harvard: Gudowicz, J., & Zwoliński, Z. 2017. "Kształtowanie się odpływu rzecznego w dorzeczu Parsęty w świetle modelowania hydrologicznego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 45-66. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.3

Abstract In considering the process by which flash floods form, core information concerns the parameters of an area’s surface drainage system. That system is composed of elements of natural origin (rivers and valleys), as well as those of an anthropogenic nature (roads, ditches and rills), which together operate as a single drainage system at times of heavy rainfall. In line with this understanding, the work underpinning this article has focused on: 1) a characterisation of different types of DTM in the context of their application to detailed surface drainage system generation in small Carpathian catchments, 2) methodological aspects of DTM modification allowing elements of anthropogenic origin, such as roads, ditches and rills to be included within the surface drainage system, 3) a characterisation of the differences between the river system operating year-round and the surface drainage system functioning at times of heavy rainfall. The results reveal that the most popular DTMs, such as the SRTM, ASTER, TBD and SMOK, do not allow detailed surface drainage systems (including anthropogenic origin elements such as roads, ditches, etc.) to be generated. Such a goal may be achieved by analysis of a DTM generated on the basis of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data. However, such a DTM includes certain “obstacles” (bridges, culverts, etc.) that modify real concentrated flow paths. A methodology for LIDAR-type DTM modification was therefore proposed, with this including: 1) selection and digitisation (as line-type vector data) of the said “obstacles” (on the basis of field data and analyses of aerial photographs), 2) characterisation of the vectors (“obstacles”) by reference to the four attributes of buffer, incision, channel and resolution) – Fig. 2, and 3) modification of the DTM through burning of the “obstacles” using the attributes mentioned above. Such an approach allows for the generation of a surface drainage system similar to that observed in the terrain. The surface drainage system in question was generated using the D8 algorithm, with the threshold values required for first-order stream generation being calculated on the basis of field studies following on from a rainfall event (26/27-06-2009). The methodology proposed in this study seems to be correct. The surface drainage system generated on the basis of the DTM in the Zalasówka catchment was composed of elements of anthropogenic and natural origin, and was comparable with the system operating at the time of the rainfall event examined. The results for the period of heavy rainfall revealed a surface drainage system 9 times more developed (at 13.7 km·km–2) than the river system (1.5 km·km–2). There were significant changes in the stream pattern reflected in the Horton and Schumm ratios. There was also increases in the maximum stream order, the bifurcation ratio RB, the length ratio RL and the area ratio RA; as well as a decrease in the mean length and mean area of the first-order stream.

Keywords: numeryczny model terenu, system drenażu, powódź błyskawiczna, Karpaty

Rafał Kroczak [rafal.kroczak@up.krakow.pl]
Tomasz Bryndal [tomasz.bryndal@up.krakow.pl]

Citation

APA: Kroczak, R., & Bryndal, T. (2017). Wykorzystanie numerycznych modeli terenu do generowania systemu drenażu powierzchniowego, funkcjonującego podczas opadów nawalnych. Podstawy metodyczne na podstawie studium przypadku zlewni Zalasówki (Pogórze Ciężkowickie). Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.4
MLA: Kroczak, Rafał, and Bryndal, Tomasz. "Wykorzystanie numerycznych modeli terenu do generowania systemu drenażu powierzchniowego, funkcjonującego podczas opadów nawalnych. Podstawy metodyczne na podstawie studium przypadku zlewni Zalasówki (Pogórze Ciężkowickie)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 67-85. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.4
Chicago: Kroczak, Rafał, and Bryndal, Tomasz. "Wykorzystanie numerycznych modeli terenu do generowania systemu drenażu powierzchniowego, funkcjonującego podczas opadów nawalnych. Podstawy metodyczne na podstawie studium przypadku zlewni Zalasówki (Pogórze Ciężkowickie)". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 67-85. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.4
Harvard: Kroczak, R., & Bryndal, T. 2017. "Wykorzystanie numerycznych modeli terenu do generowania systemu drenażu powierzchniowego, funkcjonującego podczas opadów nawalnych. Podstawy metodyczne na podstawie studium przypadku zlewni Zalasówki (Pogórze Ciężkowickie)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 67-85. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.4

Abstract The ways in which the valley and channel of a river are initiated are closely connected with paths water circulation within a slope system takes, with groundwater as an important morphogenetic factor in the development of those landforms. Being the factor that initiates processes of headward erosion, groundwater outflows have also been recognised since the 1980s as a factor forming relief elements (e.g. Laity, 1983; Laity and Malin, 1985; Howard and McLane, 1988; Baker, 1990; Dunne, 1990; Parker and Higgins, 1990; Nash, 1997; Lamb et al., 2006). The chief goal of the work detailed in this article has thus been to survey research conducted to date on seepage erosion and its role in the development of the headwater sections of river valleys. This has entailed the identification of areas in which seepage erosion has been studied, in the wider world and in Poland. The current state of knowledge on the contribution groundwater outflows make to the formation of a drainage system is also presented. Seepage erosion (Dunne, 1990; Lamb et al., 2006) is a process embracing mechanical and chemical action leading to the loosening, tearing off and carrying away of material from the zone of groundwater exfiltration. One result of groundwater sapping is the development of erosional undercuttings, which undermines the stability of slopes and causes their destruction via mass movement (Higgins, 1984; Laity and Malin, 1985; Baker et al., 1990). As a result of headward erosion, an area of groundwater outflow comes to be associated with a developing spring-head alcove, or an arcuate depression, often with steep slopes separated from the slopes of the initial depression by a distinct knickpoint. Together with slope and fluvial processes, seepage erosion contributes significantly to the development of valley forms in various morphoclimatic zones, including the temperate. The morphology of zones of groundwater outflows in Poland has been examined in the course of spring-hydrological and geomorphological studies. For example, the upper Parsęta basin features 88 river channels identified as having morphological features characteristic of an erosional effect of groundwater outflows (Mazurek, 2010). The spring-head alcoves predominating here are arcuate or paraboloid in shape and poorly branched (Photo 1; Mazurek, 2006, 2010; Mazurek and Paluszkiewicz, 2013). Reliefforming processes found to occur in these are: 1. seepage erosion, 2. mass movement, 3. wash, 4. geochemical processes, 5. biogenic processes, and 6. human impact (Mazurek, 2010, Plate 2, Fig. 1). The slopes of the alcoves develop by progressive headward retreat as a result of repeated episodes of sub-slope seepage erosion and gravity-induced mass movement. This sequence of processes keeps alcove slopes steep and leads to the formation of a concave section at the foot of the slope that passes into a flat erosional bottom. Water exfiltrating onto the alcove bottom under hydrostatic pressure washes out its sediments, thus deepening it uniformly, as is indicated by small differences in the bottom gradient. The share of seepage erosion in the formation of river valleys is still a topical research problem. There has been too little field research into relief-forming effects of groundwater outflows and their interaction with other morphogenetic processes that would corroborate the computer simulations and laboratory experiments conducted. There are also too few data about the intensity of the effects of seepage erosion and the rate of development of spring-head alcoves. Today great opportunities are opened up by the appearance of new research methods and techniques (like geotechnical studies, aerial and land-based laser scanning, and hydrogeological modelling), which allow for a quantitative assessment of headwater processes and the determination of their significance in the development of relief under conditions of advancing change in the climate and water cycle.

Keywords: wypływy wód podziemnych, erozja źródliskowa, nisza źródliskowa, doliny rzeczne, strefa młodoglacjalna

Citation

APA: Mazurek, M. (2017). Rola erozji źródliskowej w inicjacji i rozwoju sieci drenażu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 87-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.5
MLA: Mazurek, Małgorzata. "Rola erozji źródliskowej w inicjacji i rozwoju sieci drenażu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 87-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.5
Chicago: Mazurek, Małgorzata. "Rola erozji źródliskowej w inicjacji i rozwoju sieci drenażu". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 87-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.5
Harvard: Mazurek, M. 2017. "Rola erozji źródliskowej w inicjacji i rozwoju sieci drenażu". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 87-110. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.5

Abstract Hydrographical mapping carried out by the Author provided for a quantitative evaluation of the distribution of different types of springs located on the homoclinal ridge of Mount Babia Góra – at 1725 m a.s.l., the highest mountain in the Western Carpathians (Fig. 1), built of flysch sediment. Circulation of groundwater on ridge slopes modelled in different ways by landslides was analysed, with particular attention paid to the circulation of water in the deeply-fissured Magura Sandstone that forms the upper part of the massif, as well s the thick cover of colluvia (Figs. 2 and 3). The depth and distance of water circulation on different parts of the slopes were evaluated in relation to altitude, slope exposure, type of flysch rock and landslide topography. Six types of water-bearing sediment were distinguished, and their limits of occurrence identified. Magura Sandstone appeared to be the most water-retaining sediment, proving permeable down to depths of 100 m locally. Three classifications of springs were carried out, in line with geomorphological location (direction of groundwater inflow and means of circulation), type of water-bearing sediment, and local-scale distribution(in connection with landslide forms). Among the 873 springs located in the Polish part of Mt. Babia Góra, over 80% are slope located and can be regarded as descending springs. These include: rock springs (a), rock-debris springs (b), debris springs (c), and rock-mantle springs (d). Other springs occur on valley floors (e) and are also mostly of the descending type, though a few are ascending (mineral and thermal). Most springs are alimented by water flowing out from thick covers of colluvia. Within this group it proved possible to distinguish three subtypes of spring (b2, b3, b4 ) located in different segments of landslides (Fig. 4). Other divisions of springs were into single springs, lines of springs and series of springs (Fig. 5). The number of springs on the slopes of Mt. Babia Góra is similar to the number located at the foot of the mountain comprising lateral ridges and valley floors. Along a profile of altitude, the largest numbers of springs can be seen to be located at the heads of valleys, where the density on the northern slope exceeds 30 per. km-2 (Fig. 6). The density of springs on the southern slope in valleys located at high altitude is even greater. The determined distribution of springs down the altitudinal profile of Mt. Babia Góra allowed for delimitation of three hydrographical belts - of water alimentation, transit and accumulation, which are different from the hydrographical belts noted in the Western Beskidy and Tatra Mountains. The distribution of springs on Mount Babia Góra and their unusually high density are determined first and foremost by the landslide morphology of slopes.

Keywords: źródła, flisz, osuwiska, Babia Góra, Karpaty

Adam Łajczak [alajczak@o2.pl], Institute of Geography Pedagogical University of Krakow Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow: Poland

Citation

APA: Łajczak, A. (2017). Typy źródeł i ich rozmieszczenie na Babiej Górze (Zachodnie Karpaty). Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 111-132. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.6
MLA: Łajczak, Adam. "Typy źródeł i ich rozmieszczenie na Babiej Górze (Zachodnie Karpaty)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 111-132. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.6
Chicago: Łajczak, Adam. "Typy źródeł i ich rozmieszczenie na Babiej Górze (Zachodnie Karpaty)". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 111-132. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.6
Harvard: Łajczak, A. 2017. "Typy źródeł i ich rozmieszczenie na Babiej Górze (Zachodnie Karpaty)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 111-132. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.6

Abstract Atmospheric deposition is regarded as an element determining the circulation of matter in forest ecosystems. As a result of contact with the surfaces of plants, rainwater is subject to transformations whose magnitudes depend on both species composition (above all coniferous v broadleaved) and levels of air pollution. Such pollution acts directly to modify atmospheric precipitation, while also operating indirectly at the surface of trees, by way of the deposition of substances. As a result of the washing of elements depositing on the surface, rainwater changes its physical and chemical properties, as well as its chemical composition. The aim of the work described here was thus to analyse the conditions underpinning transformations of atmospheric precipitations in selected forest ecosystems of Poland’s Świętokrzyskie Mountains, on the basis of studies conducted there in the years 2011-2015. Field research was conducted in research areas located in the central and south-western parts of the above Mountains, and was concerned with rainwater in vertical section: bulk precipitation – through fall – stem flow. The data collected were processed statistically using Statistica 10.0 software. The results of measurements made in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains reflect overlapping continental, regional and local emissions, as well as changes taking place as regards emissions of primary pollutants and their products transformed photochemically and chemically under particular meteorological conditions in the course of transport with masses of air over shorter or longer distances. Emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources were found to act on component elements of ecosystems directly from atmospheric air and indirectly through products of their transformation in the form of direct deposition and deposition via crowns. Forest ecosystems have numerous spatially determined paths and areas of flow of substances originating from tree-crown deposition. Along these paths, the delivery of substances from emissions in wet, moist and especially dry deposition is significant ecologically, as are paths for their offtake in throughfall and stem fall. Immissions flowing through the hylosphere have featured changed actively, while at the same time being subject to movement and various biogenic transformations due to the washing out of crowns and washing, as well as crown intake. Quantitative and qualitative features of crown deposition determine the quality and intensity of processes of transformation of rainwater in the areas of the forest stand and during the flow through a layer of plants of the forest floor and to the surface of the soil.

Keywords: opady atmosferyczne, opady podkoronowe, spływ po pniach, jodła, sosna, buk

Citation

APA: Kozłowski, R., & Jóźwiak, M. (2017). Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
MLA: Kozłowski, Rafał, and Jóźwiak, Marek. "Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
Chicago: Kozłowski, Rafał, and Jóźwiak, Marek. "Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7
Harvard: Kozłowski, R., & Jóźwiak, M. 2017. "Transformacja opadów atmosferycznych w strefie drzew wybranych ekosystemów leśnych w Górach Świętokrzyskich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 133-153. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.7

Abstract Determination of flood risk includes the element of exposure to flood damage. Proper siting of the important infrastructure of a city should take account of the factor that is danger of flooding. The case study of the City of Warsaw has been used to illustrate a new method for determining levels of exposure to flooding posed by the River Vistula. On the basis of retro-modelling, maximum possible flood discharge is a calculated Q=8250 m3s–1. In turn, from the graph of the flood potential index by Françou, the value is 9500 m3s–1. The Vistula Valley within Warsaw City is constrained by flood protective dikes and boulevards forming the so-called “Warsaw corset”. The spacing of dikes and boulevards in Warsaw is only 470-480 m, at the point some 511-514 km along the River Vistula. The maximum range of potential flooding has been estimated by merging two maps, of which one presents a preliminary estimation of the flood risk as prepared in accordance with the EU Flood Directive, while the other is a map of potential flooding elaborated on the basis of the detailed geological map of Poland. The level reached by the kind of flood only recurring every 100 years was presented in the form of contour lines covering the city’s potentially flooded area. By way of linear interpolation, a flood surface model was calculated – to a raster format of 5 m resolution. The digital terrain model of the City of Warsaw and Vistula Valley, as well as the geometry of buildings were obtained from the Geodetic Department of the City authority. Using logical operators the depth of inundation of buildings was calculated, along with inundation and the volume of inundated buildings in the scenario of potential flooding only recurring every 100 years. The maximum depth of inundation is 7.2 m. The extent of inundation of buildings is subject to a classification into: class 0 – no inundation – 0 points; class 1 – inundation depth 0 – 0.5 m – 10 points; class 2 – inundation depth 0.5 – 2.0 m – 20 points; class 3 – inundation depths of 2.0 – 4.0 m – 25 points; class 4 – inundation depth exceeding 4.0 m – 30 points. The volume of inundated buildings varies from 0 to above 90.000 m3. This range has been divided into 10 classes by reference to a percentile division. The obtained classes have been aggregated to 100 m grid data and presented in the context of the map of exposure to flood severe enough to recur only every 100 years. The method presented can be used in estimating both exposition and flood risk. The relevant data are easily available and GIS analysis represents a standard spatial data processing method. The results obtained here fall within the framework of a bigger Life_Adaptcity_pl project entitled “Preparation of a strategy of adaptation to climate change with use of city climate mapping and public participation”.

Keywords: Wisła, Warszawa, zagrożenie powodziowe, ryzyko powodziowe

Artur Magnuszewski, University of Warsaw, Hydrology Department, Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Magnuszewski, A., & Lenartowicz, M. (2017). Ekspozycja na ryzyko powodziowe ze strony Wisły w Warszawie. Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.8
MLA: Magnuszewski, Artur, and Lenartowicz, Maciej. "Ekspozycja na ryzyko powodziowe ze strony Wisły w Warszawie". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 155-164. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.8
Chicago: Magnuszewski, Artur, and Lenartowicz, Maciej. "Ekspozycja na ryzyko powodziowe ze strony Wisły w Warszawie". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 155-164. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.8
Harvard: Magnuszewski, A., & Lenartowicz, M. 2017. "Ekspozycja na ryzyko powodziowe ze strony Wisły w Warszawie". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 155-164. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.8

Abstract In the light of a growing demand for energy, the government of India has decided to tap into the potential of rivers by building numerous hydroelectric plants, with a view to doubling the amount of energy produced by water. One of the regions in which such plants are being built is the basin of the River Teesta (as a right-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra). The main aim of this article has been to present chemical-composition characteristics and physico-chemical parameters of water in the Teesta in its Himalayan course, with account being taken of the role the newly-built reservoir plays in shaping the chemistry of water in the river. Fieldwork entailed measurement of physico-chemical parameters of the water, as well as sampling for the purposes of chemical analysis. This was done in the post-monsoon period in the years 2013-2015. Sampling and measuring points were located along the Teesta in the Darjeeling Himalaya, over a length of approximately 43 km, between the borders of Sikkim and West Bengal and the southern margin of the Himalayas. Above the newly-built reservoir, measurements were made at points P1 and P2; while within it, measurements were made and samplings taken in the centre (at P3 by the shore). The two points located below the dam were P4 and P5. The results of the analysis of main physico-chemical properties and chemical compositio data for the water in the Teesta allowed conclusions as detailed in the following points to be drawn. The decrease in water temperature caused by the reservoir is slight, at approximately 1.0°C, with the indication being that very weak thermal stratification has developed, due to the rapid exchange of water in the reservoir. As for Total Dissolved Solids, marked stability of values across a narrow range is to be observed. The values for ANC in turn indicate that there is no risk of acidification at any point along the section examined. The newly-built reservoir is responsible for a decrease in concentrations of most of the main ions (i.e. Cl– , K+, Na+, Mg2, NO3 and PO4 3–). The reverse trend was only to be observed in respect of Ca2+, SO4 2– and NH4 +. The dam does not influence F– concentrations. The reservoir causes minor enrichment of water in ions of most metals like Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, C and Sr. The more limited enrichment of water in the Teesta below the dam indicates self-purification processes taken place in the Teesta Reservoir where metals are concerned. The changes in physico-chemical properties and concentrations of ions caused by the reservoir are usually normalised by environmental factors before the Teesta exits the Himalayas (i.e. within 15 km of the reservoir). The results of the study are relevant, in light of the construction of several further reservoirs in the Teesta catchment in the near future, which can lead to significant transformations of the natural environment, including hydrochemical changes that determine water quality.

Keywords: chemizm wód, jakość wody, zbiornik zaporowy, rzeka Tista, Himalaje

Łukasz Wiejaczka [wieja@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland
Paweł Prokop [pawel@zg.pan.krakow.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Jana 22, 31-018 Kraków, Poland

Citation

APA: Wiejaczka, �., Prokop, P., Kozłowski, R., & Sarkar, S. (2017). Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie). Przegląd Geograficzny, 89(1), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9
MLA: Wiejaczka, Łukasz, et al. "Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, 2017, pp. 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9
Chicago: Wiejaczka, Łukasz, Prokop, Paweł, Kozłowski, Rafał, and Sarkar, Subir. "Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie)". Przegląd Geograficzny 89, no. 1 (2017): 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9
Harvard: Wiejaczka, �., Prokop, P., Kozłowski, R., & Sarkar, S. 2017. "Wpływ zbiornika retencyjnego na fizykochemiczne właściwości rzeki himalajskiej (Tista, Indie)". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 165-181. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2017.1.9