Przegląd Geograficzny (2018) tom 90, zeszyt 4

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give some insight into the state of the art where cooperation between transport and tourism is concerned, and to outline possible future prospects. In particular, five roles of transport in contemporary tourism and recreation (after Hall, 2008) are described and commented on. These include: (1) linking the source market with the host destination; (2) providing mobility and access within a destination area/region/country; (3) providing mobility and access within an actual tourism attraction; (4) facilitating travel along a recreational route which is itself the tourism experience; and (5) providing limited movement or even being static, while acting as the focus of recreational and heritage interest, as in museums or at rallies (with forms of transport located at a particular place). In the literature, the first two roles prove to be relatively well-researched, while the remaining three are in need of further investigation. All the roles are here illustrated by relevant examples from real-world situations, including in Poland. Further on, the paper offers a broad presentation of modes of transport used in tourism and recreation, including air transport, passenger transport by water (cruise tourism and ferries), and ground-based transport (by rail and road). Each mode of transport referred to presents certain specifics, has various determinants, merits and inconveniences, fulfils different functions and purposes, and is dedicated to differing groups of tourists. For example, following deregulation and liberalisation, air transport has changed radically as low-cost carriers made their appearance, and there was a relative decline in charter traffic, as well as a general lowering of costs and fares among full-service operators. However, there are found to be great differences between the more affluent, well-developed markets and the emerging markets in this respect. The role of cruising, although still relatively meagre in absolute terms, is growing very fast around the world. In contrast, within the ground-based transport context, the role of rail is in steady decline, while road transport, and especially individual motoring, grows steadily. A comparison of the worldwide situation with that in the former communist countries (as exemplified by Poland) points to some differences in tourism transport, mainly in connection with the affluence of societies. Certain features thus point to specific features of the CEECs not always in line with regularities in the wider world overall.

Keywords: środki i sposoby transportu, turystyka zorganizowana, touroperatorzy, turystyka indywidualna

Zbigniew Taylor [z.taylor@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Taylor, Z. (2018). Współdziałanie, rola i sposoby transportu w turystyce i rekreacji. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 531-555. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.1
MLA: Taylor, Zbigniew. "Współdziałanie, rola i sposoby transportu w turystyce i rekreacji". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 531-555. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.1
Chicago: Taylor, Zbigniew. "Współdziałanie, rola i sposoby transportu w turystyce i rekreacji". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 531-555. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.1
Harvard: Taylor, Z. 2018. "Współdziałanie, rola i sposoby transportu w turystyce i rekreacji". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 531-555. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.1

Abstract The aim of the article is description of the concept and research of the smart city. Based on the review of international literature, the smart city idea is interpreted, indicating positive and negative aspects including the relationship between modern network technologies and the urban community. The smart city concept assumes the use of network infrastructure to improve the economic and political efficiency of resources and enable the development of urban areas. This development should be an intelligent and sustainable and should contribute to the improvement of the quality of life. The concept evolves over time and more and more attention is devoted not only to the technological infrastructure itself but also to its impact on urban communities. Questions are increasingly being asked about the impact of smart development on the improvement of human and social capital as well as on social polarization or social exclusion. Therefore, newer definition assumes that smart city is a city in which investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance. In this context different smart city schools can be distinguished. The scientific debate about the smart city concept covers not only issues related to the development of new technologies and solving problems of local communities, but also the impact of this concept on social and economic polarization. It can be noticed that in cities that undertake initiatives aimed at being called intelligent cities, on the one hand, the interests of residents and, on the other hand, companies implementing modern technologies, clash. The implementation of the smart city concept has its negative implications for urban development due to top-down management and the limited use of a bottom-up approach. For this reason, city residents should take an active part in the design, construction and management of cities.

Keywords: miasta inteligentne, inteligentny wzrost, zarządzanie miastem

Grzegorz Masik [grzegorz.masik@ug.edu.pl], Department of Socio-Economic Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Gdańsk Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk: Poland
Dominika Studzińska [geods@ug.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Gdański, Wydział Nauk Społecznych

Citation

APA: Masik, G., & Studzińska, D. (2018). Ewolucja koncepcji i badania miasta inteligentnego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 557-571. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.2
MLA: Masik, Grzegorz, and Studzińska, Dominika. "Ewolucja koncepcji i badania miasta inteligentnego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 557-571. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.2
Chicago: Masik, Grzegorz, and Studzińska, Dominika. "Ewolucja koncepcji i badania miasta inteligentnego". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 557-571. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.2
Harvard: Masik, G., & Studzińska, D. 2018. "Ewolucja koncepcji i badania miasta inteligentnego". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 557-571. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.2

Abstract After 1989, elites, considered as main winners of the politico-economic transformation, commenced to seek for a dwelling corresponding to their social status and allowing them to stand out from other social groups. In Warsaw, despite some resemblances in their residential trajectories, preferences and choices, the different profiles within the group of elites may be distinguished. This article attempts to go beyond the classical differentiation of elites by their occupation and proposes an original typology of elites regarding socio-economic, demographic and residential characteristics, life styles as well as residential preferences. The diversity of the elitist housing has become one of the components of the process of distinction between different fractions in the group of elites.

Keywords: mieszkania elit, zachowania mieszkaniowe, ścieżki mieszkaniowe, typologia elit, Polska, Warszawa

Citation

APA: Bouloc, C. (2018). Współczesna elita warszawska w przestrzeni miasta. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 573-593. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.3
MLA: Bouloc, Caroline. "Współczesna elita warszawska w przestrzeni miasta". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 573-593. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.3
Chicago: Bouloc, Caroline. "Współczesna elita warszawska w przestrzeni miasta". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 573-593. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.3
Harvard: Bouloc, C. 2018. "Współczesna elita warszawska w przestrzeni miasta". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 573-593. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.3

Abstract This paper presents the reasons for, and the historical-political conditions underpinning, the liquidation and division of East Prussia after World War II. It is recalled here that, even before the War, Polish scholars, including quite a number of leading Polish geographers, had aimed to have such a political design implemented. The period of the War itself saw respective proposals drawn up in various detailed variants. The very first two of these were presented on April 2nd, 1940, in Paris by Division III of the Head Office of the Polish Army Commander (at that time General Władysław Sikorski). The subsequent proposal for the course of the border was as finalised by October 17th, 1940 in London, by the Bureau for Political Studies of the Polish Government-in-Exile. The three variants are presented and commented upon in the article, as well as shown in Fig. 1. They did not gain any high political status, unlike the decision on the division of East Prussia taken personally by Joseph Stalin in July1944, during a meeting with the Polish Delegation. This concept for the course of the border is also shown in Fig. 1. The defeat of Nazi Germany and the occupation of this German border province by the Red army made it possible for effect to be given to an already-formulated territorial postulate. The decisions of the three powers, taken in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam, are also presented and commented upon. The final part of the paper then presents the procedures by which the borderline was delineated, and determined in practice, as this resulted in the ultimate division of East Prussia into Polish and Soviet parts. In particular, attention is paid to the boundary negotiations relevant to that, which took place throughout 1945. Over the longer term, the boundary in fact proved unstable, with individual localities changing their political affiliations from one state to the other. All this of course happened under strong pressure from the Soviet side that effectively left the Polish party helpless. The border that was finally established, largely in the form of a straight line running East-West, in fact persists through to the present day, and now separates Poland from the Kaliningrad District of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: II wojna światowa, Prusy Wschodnie, granice polityczne Polski

Piotr Eberhardt [p.ebe@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Eberhardt, P. (2018). Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
MLA: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
Chicago: Eberhardt, Piotr. "Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4
Harvard: Eberhardt, P. 2018. "Kwestia podziału Prus Wschodnich w okresie II wojny światowej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 595-614. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.4

Abstract

The article analyses patriotic activities of one of the most outstanding Polish geographers of XX century – Eugeniusz Romer. His geopolitical concepts, together with main publications and cartographic works concerning Polish cause, were discussed. His works were conceived during the period of Galicja autonomy and during the I World War. His crown achievement regarding Polish cause and bringing Poland back to the political map of Europe was his particiaption as an expert in peace conferences in Paris and Riga.

Keywords: Eugeniusz Romer, granice Polski, odzyskanie niepodległości, konferencja pokojowa w Paryżu, konferencja pokojowa w Rydze

Citation

APA: Harasimiuk, K. (2018). Działania Eugeniusza Romera w sprawie powrotu Polski na mapę polityczną Europy. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 615-633. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.5
MLA: Harasimiuk, Krystyna A.. "Działania Eugeniusza Romera w sprawie powrotu Polski na mapę polityczną Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 615-633. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.5
Chicago: Harasimiuk, Krystyna A.. "Działania Eugeniusza Romera w sprawie powrotu Polski na mapę polityczną Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 615-633. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.5
Harvard: Harasimiuk, K. 2018. "Działania Eugeniusza Romera w sprawie powrotu Polski na mapę polityczną Europy". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 615-633. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.5

Keywords: geografia, konferencje, Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne, Rok Polskiej Geografii

Przemysław Śleszyński [psleszyn@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00‑818 Warszawa, Poland

Citation

APA: Śleszyński, P. (2018). Jubileuszowa wystawa i konferencja z okazji stulecia Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego i Roku Polskiej Geografii 2018, 19 marca 2018 r., Warszawa, Sala Kolumnowa Sejmu RP. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 643-647. https://doi.org/
MLA: Śleszyński, Przemysław. "Jubileuszowa wystawa i konferencja z okazji stulecia Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego i Roku Polskiej Geografii 2018, 19 marca 2018 r., Warszawa, Sala Kolumnowa Sejmu RP". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 643-647. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Śleszyński, Przemysław. "Jubileuszowa wystawa i konferencja z okazji stulecia Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego i Roku Polskiej Geografii 2018, 19 marca 2018 r., Warszawa, Sala Kolumnowa Sejmu RP". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 643-647. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Śleszyński, P. 2018. "Jubileuszowa wystawa i konferencja z okazji stulecia Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego i Roku Polskiej Geografii 2018, 19 marca 2018 r., Warszawa, Sala Kolumnowa Sejmu RP". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 643-647. https://doi.org/

Keywords: Kongres Geografii Polskiej, geografia, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne

Citation

APA: Jędrusik, M., Dudek-Mańkowska, S., & Pokojska, P. (2018). Kongres Geografii Polskiej. 100 lat geografii na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. 100 lat Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 12–14 kwietnia 2018 r., Warszawa. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 649-654. https://doi.org/
MLA: Jędrusik, Maciej, et al. "Kongres Geografii Polskiej. 100 lat geografii na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. 100 lat Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 12–14 kwietnia 2018 r., Warszawa". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 649-654. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Jędrusik, Maciej, Dudek-Mańkowska, Sylwia, and Pokojska, Paulina. "Kongres Geografii Polskiej. 100 lat geografii na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. 100 lat Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 12–14 kwietnia 2018 r., Warszawa". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 649-654. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Jędrusik, M., Dudek-Mańkowska, S., & Pokojska, P. 2018. "Kongres Geografii Polskiej. 100 lat geografii na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. 100 lat Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 12–14 kwietnia 2018 r., Warszawa". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 649-654. https://doi.org/

Keywords: geografia społeczno-ekonomiczna, gospodarka przestrzenna, konferencje, Poznań

Krzysztof Stachowiak, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Dzięgielowa 2, 61-680 Poznań: Poland

Citation

APA: Stachowiak, K., & Dominiak, J. (2018). Konferencja naukowa „Nowe problemy badawcze geografii społeczno-ekonomicznej i gospodarki przestrzennej”, 11–12 czerwca 2018 r., Poznań.. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90(4), 655-657. https://doi.org/
MLA: Stachowiak, Krzysztof, and Dominiak, Joanna. "Konferencja naukowa „Nowe problemy badawcze geografii społeczno-ekonomicznej i gospodarki przestrzennej”, 11–12 czerwca 2018 r., Poznań.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, 2018, pp. 655-657. https://doi.org/
Chicago: Stachowiak, Krzysztof, and Dominiak, Joanna. "Konferencja naukowa „Nowe problemy badawcze geografii społeczno-ekonomicznej i gospodarki przestrzennej”, 11–12 czerwca 2018 r., Poznań.". Przegląd Geograficzny 90, no. 4 (2018): 655-657. https://doi.org/
Harvard: Stachowiak, K., & Dominiak, J. 2018. "Konferencja naukowa „Nowe problemy badawcze geografii społeczno-ekonomicznej i gospodarki przestrzennej”, 11–12 czerwca 2018 r., Poznań.". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 655-657. https://doi.org/