Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3
Articles
Neophyte-induced degradation of Poland’s riparian hardwood forests
Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3, pp. 327-340 | 
Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.1
Abstract
Riparian hardwood forests have become very rare in most areas across Europe, as their fertile habitats have mostly been transformed into grasslands and arable land. Furthermore, where small patches remain, these are seen to be subject to major changes in soil cover and plant composition, thanks to habitat change induced by drainage, river engineering, the construction of river embankments and forestry. A further, highly visible symptom of the degradation of riparian hardwood forest is invasion by alien species (neophytes).
This article therefore draws on work to analyze Poland’s vegetation of riparian hardwood forest, by reference to some 249 phytosociological relevés from 83 sites located along river valleys (Fig. 1). The work came within Natura 2000 habitat monitoring, and specifically a research project entitled Riparian hardwood forest services in the middle Vistula river valley. The main objectives here were to point to any relationships that might pertain between the share of invasive alien species and the structure and composition of riparian hardwood forest vegetation, as well as to determine the former’s habitat requirements.
The studied communities were divided into two groups: ZI – with the presence of invasive alien species, and ZN – natural communities lacking such species (as listed by Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2012). Relationships between the share of invasive species and the structure and composition of native vegetation were tested by comparing species richness (number of species: S – general, SA – trees, SB – shrubs, SC – herbs, SD – bryophytes), species diversity (H – the Shannon diversity index (Shannon and Weaver, 1949), J – the Pielou evenness index (Pielou, 1975)), habitat preferences of species by reference to Ellenberg ecological indicators (Ellenberg et al., 1992) and socio-ecological affinity (after Schmidt et al., 2011).
Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships between the numbers of invasive alien species and the cover-shares they accounted for on the one hand, and the values of all studied parameters on the other. Mean values were compared across the ZI and ZN groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Statistical analyses were performed using PAST 2.17 (Hammer et al., 2001).
Invasive alien species were recorded on ca. 70% of the plots studied. Small balsam was species among the 15 observed most frequently and achieving greatest abundance (Table 1, Fig. 2). Lower general richness of species in the communities where invasive alien species are present results mainly from decline in numbers of hygrophilous and shade-tolerant forest species, as well as shrubs and bryophytes (Table 2). This may be related to changes in habitat conditions that diminish competition from the existing composition of the phytocoenosis. The undergrowth of communities featuring invasive species is composed of species preferring habitats with higher light availability, with a higher soil pH and a richer trophic status, but there are few species of more moist habitats. The broad habitat range characteristic for small balsam (as regards light and soil pH) combine with its preference for drier mesophilous sites and a marked capacity to disperse providing for the expansion of the species, which in fact comes to dominate in disturbed forest communities. On a more-positive note, the analysis shows how the degradation of riparian hardwood forests could be limited, if only their natural habitat conditions can be assured.
Keywords: species richness and diversity, ecological indicators, socio-ecological groups, invasive alien plant species, phytosociological relevés, habitat changes
[aniak@twarda.pan.pl], Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. S. Leszczyckiego PAN
Citation
APA: Kowalska, A. (2020). Neofityzacja łęgów jesionowo-wiązowych w dolinach polskich rzek. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(3), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.1
MLA: Kowalska, Anna. "Neofityzacja łęgów jesionowo-wiązowych w dolinach polskich rzek". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, 2020, pp. 327-340. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.1
Chicago: Kowalska, Anna. "Neofityzacja łęgów jesionowo-wiązowych w dolinach polskich rzek". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 327-340. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.1
Harvard: Kowalska, A. 2020. "Neofityzacja łęgów jesionowo-wiązowych w dolinach polskich rzek". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 327-340. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.1
Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3, pp. 341–359 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.2
Abstract
Solar radiation is a key element of the Earth’s climate system and one of the most important variables in the energy balance of the active surface. The inflow of radiant energy to the Earth’s surface depends on the movement (circulation) of the atmosphere and on the associated changes in the amount of aerosols contained in the atmosphere as well as on cloudiness changes (which reduce the inflow of radiation to the Earth’s surface through reflection, dispersion and absorption processes). In that context, the work detailed in this paper had as its main aim a determination of the influence of atmospheric circulation on the amount of global solar radiation reaching the land surface in Poland. The research was based on source material from 1986–2015, originating from meteorological reanalyses and satellite products. Global solar radiation was analysed based on data from CM SAF satellite products, while atmospheric circulation types were designated with the use of modified version of the Lityński’s classification. Mean daily sums of radiation during individual circulation types, during A, 0, C macrotypes and on days with advection from particular directions were presented. Also the spatial distribution of radiation over the area of Poland during individual circulation types was shown. In the analyses special attention was paid to days with extremely large sums of solar radiation (above the 0.95 percentile). The largest daily sums of solar radiation are connected with anticyclonic circulation types, and the smallest ones – with cyclonic types. The largest mean daily sum of solar radiation occurs during south-western anticyclonic circulation, which is related to the significantly expanded Azores High. The smallest daily sums of solar radiation occur during cyclonic types, with advection of air masses from the north and east – in spring during NWC type, in autumn during EC type, in summer and winter during NEC type. The spatial distribution of solar radiation daily sums over the territory of Poland also depends on the circulation type. For most of the year, the circulation types with the northern and eastern components (N-NE-E) are associated with the reduction of the amount of solar radiation from north to south, while the inflow of air masses from the S-SW-W directions favours the reduction of radiation from south to north. Extremely large sums of solar radiation occur most probably during anticyclonic types with advection of air masses from SW, S and SE, and during the advectionless circulation 0A (conditional probability 0.13, 0.13, 0.11 and 0.10 respectively). The paper also demonstrates that the circulation type (i.e. prevailing pressure system) has a greater influence on daily sums of global solar radiation over Poland than the direction of air masses advection. The research results show that atmospheric circulation plays a significant role in determining the amount of solar radiation reaching the land surface in Poland.
Keywords: atmospheric circulation, solar radiation, Poland, circulation types, Lityński classification
[kingakulesza@uw.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Citation
APA: Kulesza, K. (2020). Uwarunkowania cyrkulacyjne ilości całkowitego promieniowania słonecznego docierającego do powierzchni ziemi w Polsce w latach 1986–2015. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.2
MLA: Kulesza, Kinga. "Uwarunkowania cyrkulacyjne ilości całkowitego promieniowania słonecznego docierającego do powierzchni ziemi w Polsce w latach 1986–2015". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, 2020, pp. 341–359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.2
Chicago: Kulesza, Kinga. "Uwarunkowania cyrkulacyjne ilości całkowitego promieniowania słonecznego docierającego do powierzchni ziemi w Polsce w latach 1986–2015". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 341–359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.2
Harvard: Kulesza, K. 2020. "Uwarunkowania cyrkulacyjne ilości całkowitego promieniowania słonecznego docierającego do powierzchni ziemi w Polsce w latach 1986–2015". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 341–359. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.2
Heat-stress threats to the human body around noon on very hot days in Poland
Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3, pp. 361–376 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.3
Abstract
This article seeks to analyse the universal thermal climate index (UTCI, °C), in order to characterise hazards associated with high air temperature that may possibly occur in Poland around noon on very hot days. Values for the index (calculated for UTC by reference to air temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (v·ms-1) and cloudiness (%)) related to from the Polish cities of Kołobrzeg, Poznań and Kraków, and to the period 2001–2018. Mean values with standard deviations were calculated, with minimum and maximum values noted, amplitudes, lower and upper quartiles and the skewness coefficient. One-way analysis of variance was deployed to determine whether UTCI values at midday on very hot days differ significantly from month to month. The frequency of occurrence of different intensities of heat stress was also determined. In each case, analysis related to both the overall period and individual years.
Hours around noon on very hot days were mainly associated with “moderate” or “severe” heat stress, though instances “very sever heat stress” may also arise. The greatest threat of thermal heat stress could be noted for July and August, with conditions noticeably more severe in Kraków than the other stations studied. Kołobrzeg faced the most-limited hazard associated with the occurrence of heat stress, and only in July may “very severe heat stress” appear there sporadically. In turn, Poznań – located in a region with bioclimatic conditions typical for Poland – was rather characterised by “moderate” or “severe heat stress”.
Equally, on a majority of the very hot days studied, all three stations recoded above-average UTCI values, with this fact making it clear that when a high level of thermal stress arises it may be rather a country-wide phenomenon. The most stable, near-average conditions characterised May, while biothermal differentiation peaked in July and August. Analysis of variance showed that, other than in relation to April in Poznań, levels of thermal stress on hot days did not differ significantly from one month to another.
Analyses of the variability to values for the multi-year universal thermal climate index revealed an increase over time for maxima, especially in Kraków. This may point to an intensified risk associated with overheating of the body, in the south of Poland in particular. In addition, calculations confirm both spatial and temporal differentiation of biothermal conditions. Years in which hot days proved particularly burdensome were 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2013.
Keywords: heat stress, very hot days, noon hours, universal thermal climate index, UTCI
[monika.okoniewska@ukw.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Instytut Geografii
Citation
APA: Okoniewska, M. (2020). Zagrożenie organizmu człowieka stresem cieplnym występujące w godzinach okołopołudniowych w czasie dni upalnych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(3), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.3
MLA: Okoniewska, Monika. "Zagrożenie organizmu człowieka stresem cieplnym występujące w godzinach okołopołudniowych w czasie dni upalnych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, 2020, pp. 361–376. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.3
Chicago: Okoniewska, Monika. "Zagrożenie organizmu człowieka stresem cieplnym występujące w godzinach okołopołudniowych w czasie dni upalnych". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 361–376. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.3
Harvard: Okoniewska, M. 2020. "Zagrożenie organizmu człowieka stresem cieplnym występujące w godzinach okołopołudniowych w czasie dni upalnych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 361–376. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.3
Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3, pp. 377–389 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.4
Abstract
A comparison between errors associated with snow-cover reconstruction performed by processing aerial imagery acquired by a visible-light camera mounted on board unmanned aerial vehicles, one the one hand; and average terrain roughness, on the other, revealed a dependent relationship between these variables. A stronger correlation is noted for two of the studied test areas (Polana Izerska and Krobica, both located in SW Poland), as opposed to the remaining site (Drożyna, SW Poland). In particular, correlations are noticeable where the analysis is performed in moving windows. It is typical for terrain where depth of snow cover is reconstructed with severe errors to reveal a high degree of roughness caused by single trees, clumps of trees or buildings. Ambiguous results are obtained for the Drożyna research field. While the character of the dependent relationship there seems consistent with results for the remaining sites, the strength is low. The lower values for the correlation coefficient were driven by observations for which errors were found to be high while values for the Topographic Ruggedness Index were at the same time low. This effect can be explained by reference to the specific nature of the area reconstructed, which is much transformed by human activity. It proves difficult to reconstruct the depth of snow cover on roads properly, as these are either partially cleared or snow or characterised by its loss in the course of melting. Low thickness of snow cover is thus found to be a constrained when it comes to the generation of accurate reconstructions of the depth of snow cover. This is in fact a finding in agreement with what has been reported by other authors.
Keywords: extent of snow cover, Izerskie Mountains, Structure-from-Motion, roughness of land cover, unmanned aerial vehicle, geoinformatics.
[damian.szafert@uwr.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Kształtowania Środowiska
[bartlomiej.mizinski@saruav.pl], Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Kształtowania Środowiska; SARUAV sp. z o.o.
[tomasz.niedzielski@uwr.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Kształtowania Środowiska; SARUAV sp. z o.o.
Citation
APA: Szafert, D., Miziński, B., & Niedzielski, T. (2020). Szorstkość pokrycia terenu jako źródło błędu metody SfM zastosowanej do rekonstrukcji zasięgu pokrywy śnieżnej. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(3), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.4
MLA: Szafert, Damian, et al. "Szorstkość pokrycia terenu jako źródło błędu metody SfM zastosowanej do rekonstrukcji zasięgu pokrywy śnieżnej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, 2020, pp. 377–389. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.4
Chicago: Szafert, Damian, Miziński, Bartłomiej, and Niedzielski, Tomasz. "Szorstkość pokrycia terenu jako źródło błędu metody SfM zastosowanej do rekonstrukcji zasięgu pokrywy śnieżnej". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 377–389. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.4
Harvard: Szafert, D., Miziński, B., & Niedzielski, T. 2020. "Szorstkość pokrycia terenu jako źródło błędu metody SfM zastosowanej do rekonstrukcji zasięgu pokrywy śnieżnej". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 377–389. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.4
Seasonal differentiation of water temperature on the example of lowland Mazovian rivers
Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3, pp. 391–408 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.5
Abstract
Thermal regime has a critical impact on the lotic environment, as maximum temperature determines the boundaries of the occurrence of aquatic species, seasonal and diurnal water temperature variations affect their bioenergetics, while the timing of specific water temperature values during the year is important in the context of spawning and migrations. However, despite the great importance of water temperature studies in the context of environmental management and fisheries, as well as the development of accurate measurement techniques, such investigations have received relatively limited attention in Poland.
The current study attempted to examine the seasonal differentiation of water temperature in lowland rivers. For this purpose, water temperature was recorded from the 1st of May 2015 to the 30th of April 2019 with a temporal resolution of 30-minutes. Digital temperature reorders used to make the measurements were distributed across six sites in Jeziorka, Świder and Utrata catchments located on the Mazovian Lowland and the Southern Podlachia Lowland near Warsaw. The hydrometeorological background of the water temperature monitoring was determined on the basis of data from the Warszawa-Okęcie station and water gauging stations. On the basis of the measurement data, mean, maximum, and minimum monthly water temperatures were calculated and presented on the background of the appropriate air temperature data, while statistical distribution of the 30-minute water temperature, aggregated in a monthly timescale, was presented on the box and whiskers plots. The Ward method was used to group months similar in terms of their thermal conditions, while the Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to evaluate the strength of the relationship between water and air temperature.
The results indicate that the seasonal course of water temperature follows the course of air temperature, with the highest mean monthly water temperatures recorded in July, while the lowest in January. Statistical distribution analysis of water temperature in individual months and its grouping by the Ward method allowed to identify two periods characterized by relatively stable thermal conditions and two periods of dynamic changes of water temperature. In contrast to the maximum values of water temperature, which were observed in the summer as a result of intensive solar radiation and low streamflow rates, the greatest variability of water temperature, as indicated by reference to mean daily range and standard deviation, was found in the spring months, i.e. in April and May, while the lowest in winter, from December to February. The relationship between daily mean water temperature and air temperature, established with the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient on a monthly basis, was clearly stronger during the spring increase and the autumn fall of the water temperature, which can be linked with greater vulnerability to atmospheric heat fluxes. A definitely weaker relationship was found in the winter and summer months, when greater importance can be attached to other drivers of stream temperature, like the presence of ice cover, cloudiness, riparian shading, and groundwater inflows.
Keywords: water temperature, seasonal differentiation, monitoring, lowland watercourses, Mazovian Lowland, Poland
[m.laszewski@uw.edu.pl], Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Citation
APA: Łaszewski, M. (2020). Sezonowe zróżnicowanie temperatury wody na przykładzie wybranych rzek nizinnych Mazowsza. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(3), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.5
MLA: Łaszewski, Maksym. "Sezonowe zróżnicowanie temperatury wody na przykładzie wybranych rzek nizinnych Mazowsza". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, 2020, pp. 391–408. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.5
Chicago: Łaszewski, Maksym. "Sezonowe zróżnicowanie temperatury wody na przykładzie wybranych rzek nizinnych Mazowsza". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 391–408. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.5
Harvard: Łaszewski, M. 2020. "Sezonowe zróżnicowanie temperatury wody na przykładzie wybranych rzek nizinnych Mazowsza". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 391–408. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.5
Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3, pp. 409-422 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.6
Abstract
This paper presents the matter of the environmental reconstruction of laminated lacustrine sediments from the Younger Dryas through to the present day, in particular in respect of microlithofacial analysis and sedimentation rate.
Lake Jelonek is located within the Tuchola Pine Forest of northern Poland (at 53°45’58N, 18°23’30E). It occupies a subglacial channel immediately adjacent to the Wda Valley. The lake covers 19.9 ha and has a maximum depth of 13.8 m. In 2014, overlapping sediment cores JEL14 (14.23 m) were collected from that deepest part, in order for a full sediment profile including the younger Dryas and the Holocene to be created. Most of the sediment is found to be laminated.
Sedimentation rate was reconstructed for the lake, along with microlithofacial variability of different sections of the sediment. The results obtained were related to an age depth model based on 14 AMS radiocarbon dates, varve chronology and the Askja AD 1875 cryptotephra; and was correlated with pollen profiles.
The Holocene sediment record of Lake Jelonek exhibits differences between low and high sedimentation rate intervals and varved and non-varved intervals. From the beginning of the Holocene through to the Subatlantic period, sedimentation proved to be a stable phenomenon. However, in the Subatlantic period, the average sedimentation rate increased to 7.7 mm per year from 2.2 mm, with maximum rates even reaching 15.3 mm/year. This period is reflected in a lack of lamination and the appearance of redeposited deposits. These changes prove particularly sensitive to local impact, with distinct alternations of low and high sedimentation rates and varved and non-varved intervals.
The most probable drivers for the observed variability reflect a combination of changes of climate plus anthropogenic deforestation during periods of settlement that enhanced the sensitivity of the lake to wind stress. A summary of all analyses allowed for the identification of periods of rapid change in sedimentation, and – indirectly – for the reproduction of changes in the water level and anthropopressure in and around Lake Jelonek. Such results contribute to a better understanding of local influences on fluctuations in lake sedimentation processes characteristic for the north of Poland, but also Central Europe more widely.
Keywords: lake sediments, Poland, Lake Jelonek, sedimentological changes, water-level fluctuations, Tuchola Pine Forest
[mateusz.kramkowski@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń: Poland
Citation
APA: Kramkowski, M. (2020). Paleośrodowiskowe znaczenie zmian tempa i charakteru sedymentacji osadów jeziora Jelonek w Borach Tucholskich. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(3), 409-422. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.6
MLA: Kramkowski, Mateusz. "Paleośrodowiskowe znaczenie zmian tempa i charakteru sedymentacji osadów jeziora Jelonek w Borach Tucholskich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, 2020, pp. 409-422. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.6
Chicago: Kramkowski, Mateusz. "Paleośrodowiskowe znaczenie zmian tempa i charakteru sedymentacji osadów jeziora Jelonek w Borach Tucholskich". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 409-422. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.6
Harvard: Kramkowski, M. 2020. "Paleośrodowiskowe znaczenie zmian tempa i charakteru sedymentacji osadów jeziora Jelonek w Borach Tucholskich". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 409-422. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.6
Przegląd Geograficzny (2020) tom 92, zeszyt 3, pp. 423-446 | Full text
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.7
Abstract
The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method potentially offers many possibilities for fast and reliable lithostratigraphic sediment models to be developed. From a cognitive point of view, this represents a major simplification and shortening of procedures with which information about sediments can be obtained. And from the point of view of the economy of operations, there can be a significant reduction in costs and time of research in shallow geology and the stratigraphy of areas where unconsolidated clastic sediments are of superficial occurrence. Also noteworthy is the possibility for the results of GPR surveys to be deployed in support of geological mapping, as well as in the shallow exploration of resources and hydrogeological studies.
The most major advantage of the GPR method related to the possibility of the structure of forms being observed in full shape. In the absence of large outcrops, geophysical prospection of geomorphological forms is helpful, insofar as we are able to translate the results of geophysical surveys into the actual lithostratigraphic system of sediments building a specific form.
Against that background, the research presented in this article forms part of the work to develop radar stratigraphy, as an important support for direct geological research (Huggenberger et al., 1994; Van Overmeeren, 1998; Beres et al., 1999, Overgaard and Jakobsen, 2001; Jakobsen and Overgaard, 2002; Neal, 2004; Lejzerowicz et al., 2014; Żuk and Sambrook Smith, 2015; Lejzerowicz et al., 2018). It also points to the research potential of the GPR method in determining the genesis of form. The discussion on the way kames form (and even as regards the way they should be defined) has been going on in the literature for years (Niewiarowski, 1959; 1961; Karczewski, 1971; Klajnert, 1978; Jaksa, 2003; Terpiłowski, 2008). The studies presented here do not suffice to allow the matter to be determined comprehensively, even though they do provide for verification of the opinions of previous researchers. An example would be the observation of numerous faults in the whole mass of the western Owieczkowo kame (Fig. 7A), with this attesting to the creation of the form on ice, rather than on mineral ground (Niewiarowski, 1959).
The area forming the subject of this article is defined by Niewiarowski (1959) as the dead ice zone because of the characteristic set of forms (dead ice moraines, kames and eskers). Like modern researchers (Terpiłowski, 2008), Niewiarowski points to the importance of sub-Quaternary surface elevations in the formation of cracks in the ice sheet, with this leading on to the formation of kame hills above such elevations. This would also seem to have been one of the reasons for the formation in the mass of ice of lakes whose filling with sediment and melting ice walls took the form of kames.
The great advantage of the GPR method lies in its ability to recognise macrostructural sediment patterns in glacilimic forms. This diagnosis allows for the high-probability assessment of the genesis of form, especially in the context of its position being determined in the marginal zone of the ice sheet. Also looking extremely promising is the capacity for the thickness of fine clastic sediments lying on till to be determined using GPR. It allows for the determination of the way in which a given form is rooted.
Described as they are in brief only, test results for selected sites serve to confirm the great usefulness of the GPR method in the recognition of shallow lithostratigraphy of clastic sediments. Nevertheless, this should not be the only method used to recognise the geological structure of forms and sediments. Significant interpretation ambiguities mean that the GPR method should act in support of direct lithostratigraphic research, not merely serving as an alternative to it. GPR surveys offer a depiction particularly close to the real one – of sediment present in homogeneous sediments in relation to electrical parameters. Sediments ideal for GPR surveys would for example be fine dry sands or silts – and it is precisely these sediments that built most of the investigated kame forms.
Most of the field research presented in this article was financed as part of Ministry of Science and Higher Education Research Project No. N N306 281235 entitled “Genesis of selected glacial forms in the Polish Lowland in the light of geophysical georadar surveys”.
Keywords: kames, Ground Penetrating Radar, geophysical research, clastic sediments, Polish Lowland
[piotr.lamparski@twarda.pan.pl], Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Citation
APA: Lamparski, P. (2020). Badania georadarowe kemów jako przykład możliwości zastosowania metod geofizycznych do badania form zbudowanych z drobnoziarnistych osadów klastycznych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 92(3), 423-446. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.7
MLA: Lamparski, Piotr. "Badania georadarowe kemów jako przykład możliwości zastosowania metod geofizycznych do badania form zbudowanych z drobnoziarnistych osadów klastycznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, 2020, pp. 423-446. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.7
Chicago: Lamparski, Piotr. "Badania georadarowe kemów jako przykład możliwości zastosowania metod geofizycznych do badania form zbudowanych z drobnoziarnistych osadów klastycznych". Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 423-446. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.7
Harvard: Lamparski, P. 2020. "Badania georadarowe kemów jako przykład możliwości zastosowania metod geofizycznych do badania form zbudowanych z drobnoziarnistych osadów klastycznych". Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 423-446. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2020.3.7